Communication Sector in Pakistan
Table of Contents Communication Sector in Pakistan 2 . Postal Service: 2 2. Radio 2 3. Television 3 4. Telecommunication 3 5. Information Technology (IT) 3 Importance of Communication: 4 . Economic importance 4 2. Political importance 4 3. Social importance 5 Industrial Facts & Figures 5 Telecom Sector: 6 Telecom Sector Growth 8 Cellular Mobile 9 Fixed Line Services 10 Wireless Local Loop 11 Sector Accomplishment a) FDI in Telecom Sector 12 Contribution to National Exchequer 12 Socio-Economic Impact of Mobile Phone Growth 13 Employment Generation 15 Reduction in Telecom Services Tariff 15 International Recognition of Telecom Policies 16 ITU Elections 16 Telecom Regulatory Environment in Pakistan - rated the best by LIRNEasia 17 Regulatory Measures 17 Licensing of Telecom Services 18 Telecom Developments in AJ&K and NAs 18 Rural Telecom Development 19 Payphones Concessions and Facilitation 20 Electronic Media 20 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) 20 Pakistan Television Corporation Limited (PTV) 21 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) 22 Pakistan Post Office 23 References: 25 Communication Sector in Pakistan Communication is the basic importance in the development process of a country, and density of the transport network is an index to economic development. As compared with developed countries, Pakistan possesses a
What is GDP? Distinguish between real GDP and nominal GDP. What are the three ways of measuring GDP?
(a) What is GDP? Distinguish between real GDP and nominal GDP. What are the three ways of measuring GDP? Gross domestic product or , or GDP, is the value of all final goods and services produced in the economy in a year. Final goods and services are goods and services are goods and services that are bought by their final user and not used as inputs in the production of other goods and services. the key thing to note is that GDP does not include all the goods and services- called intermediate goods and services - that businesses buy from each other to use in producing what they eventually sell to final users. To measure GDP, we add together the value of final goods and services produced. So we measure GDP in dollars. As a result, GDP is a mixture of real quantities- the amounts of final goods and services produced- and dollar quantities - the prices of the goods and services. A change in GDP, therefore, contains a mixture of the effects of changes in prices and changes in the quantities of final goods and services produced. to distinguish price changes from quantity changes , we use the concepts of nominal GDP and real GDP. (Mc Taggart & Findlay& Parkin, 1999) Nominal GDP measures the value of the output of final goods and services using the prices that prevailed at the time of measurement, or current prices. It is sometimes called current dollar GDP. Real GDP measures
Through a detailed review of the relevant literature, examine the arguments supporting the view that cultural diversity can have a positive impact on global firms.
University of Ulster Coleraine Faculty of Business & Management. International Management (BMG513C1) Pailch, L. E. and Gomez- Mejia, L. R. (1999) admits that their claims ..."regarding the deleterious effects of cultural diversity for firms clearly diverge from the "value- in- diversity" perspective that dominates contemporary theory." Through a detailed review of the relevant literature, examine the arguments supporting the view that cultural diversity can have a positive impact on global firms. A. Newcombe 99023164 Co-ordinator: Chris Mc Lean Submission Semester 3 2003 Pearse Hutchinson has written ...'Labhraim le stráinséirí, creidim gur chóir bheith ag labhairt le stráinséirí:' I speak with strangers, I believe that it's right to be speaking with strangers'. <DATE UNKNOWN> Introduction. A thorough and detailed literature review has revealed many arguments which support the view that cultural diversity can have a positive effect on global firms. The effects of cultural diversity are very powerful and complex. But what is Cultural diversity? Firstly, according to Hofstede, (1980), culture is: 'the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.' This implies that 'culture' is a learned group system, such as language, daily living habits, social interaction, religious observance, law and justice
The External Economic Relations of the EU.
The External Economic Relations of the EU Introduction Foreign policy in the defence and security fields has always been jealously guarded preserve of national sovereignty in the EU. Even with the development of foreign policy cooperation and now security and defence policy, the EU's role in this field is extremely limited. The differing interests and views of Member States make it difficult to achieve a common policy, it has proved difficult to even adopt and maintain common positions. The presence of neutral states in the EU adds to the complications of actions in this field. So the one area of foreign policy where the EU does power is external economic relations. The reasons for the Common Commercial policy: * A single market requires a: * Common External Tariff: otherwise trade checks would need to remain in place to prevent trade deflection, the routing of goods through low tariff countries to avoid high tariffs. * Common Commercial Policy: the rules governing trade policy must be the same across the EU, requirements with regard to non-tariff barriers have to be harmonised and preferential trade agreements have to be common. * Bargaining power: The EU can use its size and importance in world trade to pursue its interests in trade negotiations. Forces shaping trade policy * Member States particular interests: countries, regions or products that are especially
The Economic Impact of Health
The Economic Impact of Health September 2007 Prepared by Rowena Buan-Yost Contents Section Page I. Introduction.........................................................................4 II. Health and Poverty.................................................................4 III. Migrant Labor on Health..........................................................6 IV. Importance of Economic Data...................................................8 V. The Economic Valuation of Health.............................................9 A. The Cost of Illness (COI) Approach....................................11 B. The Contingent Valuation (CV) Approach............................11 C. Valuation of a Statistical Life (VSL) Approach......................12 D. Benefits Transfer (BT) Approach........................................13 VI. Economic Impacts of Disease Outbreaks...................................13 VII. Cases of Outbreaks that Impacted the Global Economy A. The SARS Outbreak in East Asia........................................15 B. The Dengue Fever Epidemic.............................................16 C. The Avian Flu Pandemic...................................................17 D. The Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS....................................18 VIII.
Monetarism: A Historic-Theoretic Perspective
Monetarism: A Historic-Theoretic Perspective The first and most important lesson that history teaches about what monetary policy can do -- and it is a lesson of the most profound importance -- is that monetary policy can prevent money itself from being a major source of economic disturbance.1 Economists usually view their discipline as a progressive science in which new ideas constantly replace inferior old ones. A look at the history of economic thought suggests that new economic doctrines emerge primarily as an alternative or a counter reaction to previously existing orthodoxies. As a result of these "intellectual revolutions," new schools of economic thought form and develop, challenging the validity and diminishing the influence of their predecessors' beliefs and ideas. Modern monetarism emerged in the 1950s as a reaction to the then-prevalent Keynesian approach to macroeconomic theory and policy. In 1956, the American economist Milton Friedman attacked the income-expenditure approach of John M. Keynes and proposed an alternative macroeconomic theory that viewed money as the root source of major economic calamities. The counter-revolutionary Friedman resurrected older economic doctrines in building his monetary theory and his ideas, expounded in the classic Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money (1956), marked the beginning of modern monetarism as a distinct line
The Political Economy of EU Enlargement.
The Political Economy of EU Enlargement Introduction Enlargement generally is motivated by political factors and the current enlargement is no exception. Enlargement has economic effects and these can be important but are not decisive. The enlargement to the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) has two principal motivations in the EU 15: . The desire to end the artificial division of Europe that existed in the Cold War, combined with a sense of historic obligation related to West's acquiescence in that division. 2. Security: to expand the area where democracy, the rule of law and prosperity holds sway. Countries on the Baltic and bordering the CEECs see particular advantages in enlargement: security and a reduction in their peripherality. Economic advantages are likely to be greatest for these countries. The UK is very supportive of enlargement not least because of its involvement in the division of Europe. France, Spain and Portugal are lukewarm over enlargement, their security is less directly involved and the economic benefits more marginal. These counties' budgetary position is likely to deteriorate as a result of enlargement. The process of enlargement Put at its most basic the new members must accept the rules of the club. So enlargement does not really involve negotiation, the existing Member States must modify the institutions and policies of the EU so
Comparison of Asian and European logistics systems.
Comparison of Asian and European logistics systems James H. Bookbinder, Chris S. Tan James H. Bookbinder, Department of Management Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Chris S. Tan, Department of Management Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada This work was partially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, grant No. OGP 05292. This research compares the logistics systems of Asia and Europe and categorises them into distinct levels of logistics excellence. First, the context in Asia and in Europe is summarized. Then, attributes of a world-class logistics system are proposed. By applying cluster analysis to data from authoritative sources, we objectively segregate European and Asian logistics systems into three logistics tiers. There are several surprises, the main one being that the UK is classified Tier 2 (not as favourable as Tier 1). A prioritized set of attributes that the UK could improve on to qualify for the Tier 1 group is suggested. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine changes to the classifications. After finding that the top-ranking logistics systems of Europe and Asia are from Denmark and Singapore, respectively, those two countries are studied in detail to draw logistics lessons applicable elsewhere. Article type: Comparative/evaluators. Keywords: Asia, Europe,
The contemporary global food system provides northern consumers with unprecedented choice in the supermarket and a diet adapted to today's lifestyle. So what are the grounds for criticising it?
The contemporary global food system provides northern consumers with unprecedented choice in the supermarket and a diet adapted to today's lifestyle. So what are the grounds for criticising it? Anti-globalisation protests from Uruguay to Seattle, widespread concern for the environment, almost daily news items on food-related health issues and the plight of the developing world, coupled with the multitude of authors who have published volumes critiquing the global food system suggest that there may be valid grounds for criticising the food system in existence in the world today. The issues covered range from matters relating the individual such as deteriorating health standards and shifts in cultural norms to global issues such as large scale environmental degradation and the ever-increasing gap between the rich and the poor. Today's consumers live a life whereby there is a seemingly wide choice of food items on supermarket shelves at their fingertips; literally, with the progress made in internet shopping. The following document shall attempt to explore the different sources of this criticism in an attempt to provide a justification for the oppositions to the contemporary food system. A brief overview of lifestyles in the industrialised countries and history of the global food system in the periods that have seen the most rapid changes; post World War II, provide a platform
research method learning journal
Learning Journal Learning Style Before I can proceed with a critical evaluation of my skills development, it is imperative I reflect on and determine my predominant learning style. I have used Kolb's et al (1984) Learning Style Inventory (LSI) theory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) theory (1998) in order to evaluate my learning styles and abilities. 'Appendix 1' illustrates my results of these self-completion tests. Kolb's learning style model is illustrated in 'Appendix 2' The LSI is simply an indication to how I view myself as a learner (Kolb et al, 1984). The inventory showed I have a main orientation towards Active Experimentation (AE), illustrated in 'Appendix 3 '. The characteristics of this style suggest I focus on influencing people, am good at getting tasks accomplished and that I value having an impact and influence on the environment. The combination scores from this inventory describe my learning style more accurately since everybody's style is a combination of the four learning modes (Kolb et al, 1984). These scores, shown in the grid in 'Appendix 4', suggest I have an Accommodative learning style that emphasises AE and Concrete Experience (CE). The greatest strength of this style is explained by Kolb et al (1984) in that it involves 'doing things' by seeking involvement in new experiences and being adaptable to changing situations. Kolb et al
