Below is a table that would show us how to grade each river
Stage 3: Collection of data When we went out of school to the sites, and we did seven different tasks at each site. Then, when we came back to our school, we did five more analysis. The table below shows which tests we conducted in the field, at each site, and then it shows the tests that we conducted back in the lab at school. In The Field In The Lab noted signs of visible pollution tested for nitrate levels 2 take photographs tested for ammonium levels 3 measure dissolved oxygen tested for any conductivity 4 measure river speed tested for phosphate levels 5 estimate width of river Tested to see whether there was any detergent in the water. 6 measure air and water temperature 7 collect a sample for lab analysis Visible Pollution When a river becomes badly polluted, for whatever reasons, it will be evident to someone standing near the river. If you stood next to a heavily polluted river, then you would be able to smell a pungent smell. There would also be visible pollution, for example, a stray bottle floating in the river. We have used a qualitative table to test how polluted a river is. It will be very useful, but to keep it a fair test then we would have to keep the same person doing the marking for the test. Below is a table that would show us how to grade each river. Colour Water Weed Dumped Rubbish Froth Smell 0 Very Clear Non e
Explain how human activity can modify the hydrological cycle.
Geography Essay Question 7 A) Explain how human activity can modify the hydrological cycle. B) With references to examples, outline the results of such modification. Explain how human activity can modify the hydrological cycle. Human activity can modify the hydrological cycle in many ways. The cycle is made up of two components, stores and flows. Stores consist of the atmosphere, for example clouds, oceans, lakes, glaciers and ice caps, ground water and vegetation. The ground water phase of the hydrological cycle represents only 0.6 per cent of the world's water; 2.1 per cent of it is in glaciers and ice sheets, and 97.3 per cent is held in the oceans. Flows include evaporation (contains 453 million m2 per year) and evapotranspiration (contains 72 million m2 per year), condensation (contains 41 million m2 per year), precipitation (contains 525 million m2 per year), runoff (contains 41 million m2 per year) and infiltration. In general humans affect the stores more than they affect the flows, especially when the water is on land. The hydrological cycle is a closed system in which there are no external inputs or outputs into, so these do not have to be taken into consideration. Humans affect the cycle both intentionally and unintentionally in many ways. The stores are affected by the removal of vegetation, the melting of ice caps due possibly to global warming, the usage
Identify and explain how human intervention in the drainage basin can increase the risk of flood
Identify and explain how human intervention in the drainage basin can increase the risk of flood David Mothersole 12BS Introduction There are many human factors that can increase the risk of flooding. These include the deforestation of trees, urbanization, global warming and dam building. People also believe that building flood defences such as those along the Mississippi, USA, can also increase the risk of flooding, as can human intervention of a rivers course. Flood risk is increased when there is more surface run off and fast surface water heading towards and into a river channel. Many physical factors can affect flood risk, but more common in the 20th and 21st century is the effect of humans on the land which is increasing the risk of flood. Deforestation by humans leads to less interception and more surface runoff etc. Human causes of increased flood risk The first and most obvious cause of a human intervention that has increased flooding in the drainage basin is the urbanization and building of large towns and cities on a river flood plain or in the river drainage basin. The problem is the size of the urban area increases it makes more of the land surface impermeable, and increases the amount of surface run off which goes directly into the river and greatly reduces the lag time of the river. These increases could be caused by the removal of topsoil for construction
What changes have occurred in the channel of the river Ely as it flows downstream
What changes have occurred in the channel of the river Ely as it flows downstream This section will highlight the correlation of data and try to explain why certain features of the river channel changing, affects other features of the river. The cross-sectional maps and graph 4 show how the river widens as it deepens. E.g. Site 1 C.S.A is 0.53m square and at site 8 it is 25.2m square Diagram to show the difference in profile at different points of the river. Upper course Lower course The load of the river, and the river itself causes this erosion of the river channel. In the upper course of the river the river is fast flowing, narrow and has a small discharge; also the load is angular with jagged and sharp edges. When the river moves this large material, due by traction and saltation, abrasion occurs as the rocks and stones being transported scour and scrape the riverbed and sides, therefore deepening and widening the river channel. Also the river can react chemically with some of the underlying rock and dissolve it due to the small amount of acid contained within the water, in a process called corrosion. The process of hydraulic action is when the force and weight of the river loosens rock in the bed and banks of the river, so the valley gets wider. At the start of the course of the river, the valley formed is in a "V" shape, due
Variations in River Discharge
Variations in River Discharge River Regime This is the annual pattern of a river's discharge in response to the region's climate. The average regime is represented by the average daily/ monthly figures. These figures are mainly determined by the climate e.g. the amount/ distribution of rainfall, plus the rates of evaporation and snowmelt. Variations in River Discharge These variations are very important, as they influence the river's energy and landforms. Factors affecting river discharge may produce the following: Temporal variations (changes over time): * Short term fluctuations in discharge e.g. increased discharge following heavy rain or snow melt. * Medium-term variations e.g. seasonal variations such as less discharge when interception is higher in a deciduous forest in summer. * Long term changes in discharge e.g. as a result of climate change or a change in land use. Spatial variations (changes from place to place): * Rivers in different geographical locations have different patterns of discharge. The discharge is affected by the climate of the region and many other factors. Temporal Variations Rivers have seasonal fluctuations in their discharge. They are mist pronounced in climates with a wet and dry season e.g. countries with Mediterranean/ monsoon climate and where glaciers feed streams. In Britain there is a maximum winter discharge and a minimum
The Three Gorges Dam Report
The Three Gorges Dam Report If completed, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze will be the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. It would stretch 2,150 meters across and tower 185 meters above the world's third longest river. Its reservoir would be over 600 kilometres long and force the displacement of as many as 1.9 million people. Known to many environmentalists as "the Mother of All Dams," the Three Gorges Dam Project is clearly the largest public works project since the Great Wall and is the world's most environmentally and socially destructive infrastructure project. Despite rising international opposition to the project, the Chinese government has been adamant in moving it forward, as a symbol of China's development and "superior organizing." On balance I think that our company should provide money and fund this project. The main reason for my decision is that from this one project, many will arise from this. The damn will not only provide only Hydro-Electric Power, but will also provide a great fishing industry for China. The minor sacrifices will have to be made such as making the river dolphin extinct and loosing old important artefacts which can be of use to archaeologists. Besides this, the most important priority is to develop the country's economy. China's economy is what counts and it will not improve by keeping old artefacts. Although previous attempts for
My hypotheses are:The character of the course of the River Bollin will change along its course to the mouth. The bed load will decrease and angularity of the materials found in the river will be reduced. The velocity
Chapter I, Introduction On Monday the twenty first of June, 2004, we went on a field trip to study the characteristics, and formation of a river, how it changes in its journey from source to mouth, including its load Our aim was to learn first hand about how a river changes and forms on the different types of land found in its course. I predicted that as the river went downstream, it would become consistently slower, cover a much larger wetted perimeter, and that the stones in its bed load would become increasingly rounded as it was ground into sand. This is my investigation into the changing characteristics of a river along its journey from the source to the mouth. This will include using my geographical knowledge to create hypotheses and test them out using the results gathered from our many tests upon the river. All the tests were kept the same to avoid spoiling of results. This diagram shows the accepted effects of a river on its course. With this diagram in mind, I based my three hypotheses on the things that this diagram state. My hypotheses are: . The character of the course of the River Bollin will change along its course to the mouth. 2. The bed load will decrease and angularity of the materials found in the river will be reduced. 3. The velocity and discharge will change along its course downstream. The sites Our study was of the River Bolin, at three
Creative Writing The water ripples over the little stones in the short section where the amazingly clear water is relatively shallow.
Creative Writing The water ripples over the little stones in the short section where the amazingly clear water is relatively shallow. Sometimes you see minute fish rapidly making their way down stream, which to them must be a rocky rapid. The water then becomes fifty times deeper. You can see tiny creatures causing disturbance to the sandy river bed. The grassy bank on one side is a place where I have often sat to contemplate life and what I shall make of mine. I have sat there in solitude staring across at the opposite bank amazed at how the ground overhangs the river. Over the river is a lush green field which in the right seasons holds the cows which I have befriended. The tree on the opposite side of the bank, in line with where I usually choose to situate myself is also fairly intriguing. As the ground lies, the tree is half suspended over the river which is several feet below. I am astounded at the strength of the roots with hold the huge bulk of the tree upright; and stops it from falling over towards that bank where I have so often sat. The bank is somewhat steep and has a thick blanket of variegated greenery. At the bottom there is a flat path used by a menagerie of animals, it is around a foot wide. The grass is worn down low in the middle of the level towpath. A little further up the river the bank's green blanket has slipped back and the brown sheet
How A River Changes As It goes Downstream.
How A River Changes As It goes Downstream A rivers course starts in the mountains or relatively highland area and ends up meeting the sea. As a river travels downstream it changes in many ways. Different features are made and different processes take place. These things take place in different stages of the river. There are 3 stages in total. The upper course, the middle course and the lower course. In the upper course, the start of the river is called the source. It is usually a small lake or spring. In the mountains there are also small tributaries that feed into the main river at the confluence. In this particular part of the course the width is small and the depth is very shallow. The channel gradient is very steep allowing the water to just trickle down the hill because it hasn't got enough water to flow. The velocity is also very minor. In this part of the course, erosion is the dominant process. The river may erode creating different features by any of the four erosion processes. They are hydraulic power, which is the force of the water against the riverbed and bank removing material. This is particularly important when the river is in flood. Corrasion is when the particles of sand, silt, pebbles or boulders carried by the river rub against the bed and banks, wearing them away. The third is corrosion, which is when rocks dissolve in the slightly acidic water. The
Fluid Dynamics - Free surface profiles in an open channel.
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Investigation 2: Free Surface Profiles in an Open Channel. Summary The objectives of this laboratory experiment are to analyse the flow of water past a Sluice gate. Flow through a horizontal rectangular channel partially obstructed by a gate has been used to establish a hydraulic jump. Experimental measurements for upstream and downstream depths determining the free surface profile is compared to that predicted by theory for free surface profiles for the horizontal bed and Chezy's roughness coefficient for the channel. This experiment enables design implications for many real civil engineering problems to be solved, or examined critically. Introduction Open channels are frequently encountered, "Natural Streams and rivers, artificial canals, irrigation ditches and flumes are obvious examples; but pipelines or tunnels which are not completely full of liquid also have essential features of open channels."1 Predicting the free surface profile and the ability to control fluid levels especially the control of water levels and regulation of water discharge is necessary for purposes such as "irrigation, water conservation, food alleviation and inland navigation"2. This lab examines the rapid increase of depth from super-critical flow to sub-critical flow in a hydraulic jump. A hydraulic jump can occur downstream of a sluice gate (as will be the case in
