To what extent are core building regulations responsible for high loss of life in earthquakes?
To what extent are core building regulations responsible for high loss of life in earthquakes? During an earthquake man-made constructions are vulnerable to destruction. Earthquakes can devastate buildings, power supplies and roads. This then leads to electrical fires, break down of communications and inevitable loss of life. These characteristics are what give earthquakes their hazardous nature as they cause damage to buildings and loss of human life. To some extent the existence of building regulations is responsible for high loss of life in earthquakes. Densely built cities such as San Francisco are likely to cause the most loss of life when an Earthquake strikes due to the large numbers of potential threats. It is frequently not the actual Earthquake that results in damage and loss of life but the fact that it triggers buildings and communication lines to collapse. In cities such as San Francisco there are large numbers of high-rise buildings due to the density of the population in the area. Although this has helped to house more people, in terms of earthquakes it has actually heightened and increased the potential disaster. This is because where as a single storey building responds quickly to the earthquake force a high-rise building responds slowly. Shock waves are, therefore, amplified as they move up the structure. The density of the buildings also increases
The World Trade Organisation and China.
. What is the World Trade Organization and what does it do? The world trade organization is an organization that supervises and liberates world trade. The organization deals with regulation of trade between countries and provides an outline for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a argument resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' loyalty to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments. 2. When did China join the World Trade Organization and what terms did they agree to? China agreed to join the WTO on September 17th 2001. China demanded the right to be able to subsidize its farmers up to 10% - the levels allowed for developing countries - but finally agreed to settle at 8.5%. 3. Why were countries weary about China's behavior within the WTO? China enters the WTO and must start to lower its barriers to imported goods. But countries have found it hard to get china to comply. . Foreigners seeking patent, trademark, and copyright protection get second-class treatment from Chinese officials. And piracy and counterfeiting of foreign goods are uncontrolled, despite years of promises to reform. America's shipment to China make up just 2% of US exports, and hasn't changed for 10 years. 4. Has China been abiding to WTO rules? So far they have not been following WTO LAWS. They are giving Chinese people the upper hand in
Is the Impact of Human Activitie On Mitcham Common Managed Effectivly?
This is an investigation about the impact of humans on Mitcham Common and whether human activities on the common cause problems such as pollution and erosion on the common. This is also an investigation on how humans cause the problems of pollution and erosion and trying to find out ways to manage these problems effectivly in order to secure the safety of Mitcham Common in the future. As Mitcham Common itself is far to large to study as a whole area, I have chosen a certain part of Mitcham Common to help me collect data more effectivly and to allow me to complete my investigation in the given time. Mitcham Common is located in the northern area ? of London and is shown on the map on figure 1.(write some history of common) The reason why I chose this topic to investigate is because I previously studied the Surrey Sandstone hills for my GCSEs geography coursework in1998 and found this type of investigation interesting and useful because I already have some knowledge on this subject and also have an idea on how to conduct this investigation and how to answer the title question of this study on Mitcham Common. In this investigation; five key questions had to be written to indicate what the study is about, they are as followed... . What is the existing situation on Mitcham Common? 2. What are the characterisics of different habitats on Mitcham Common? 3. How does the
Why Does the Same Hazard Event Verify In Its Severity From Place To Place?
Why does the same hazard event verify in its severity from place to place? Discuss with reference to relevant examples. Natural Hazards are dangers arising from geological or weather-related occurrences, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and tsunamis. Earthquakes are a natural hazard and become a danger when human life and man made structures interact with natural events like earthquakes. As you can see the diagram above shows that when an earthquake occurs it doesn't cause any danger to human life as the area has no human presence. However the diagram below shows that when the two systems contact each other and an event like an earthquake takes place it is considered a hazard because of the potential risk to the destruction of property and loss of life. Earthquakes nearly all the time occur on plate boundaries, These tectonic plates rub together and cause friction, which causes an earthquake . I will now compare an MEDC and a LEDC, which was hit by an earthquake to roughly the same Richter scale and show how the severity was different. On The 17th of January 1994, an earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale hit Los Angeles in the USA causing 57 fatalities. There was limited damage to the surrounding building Volcanic eruptions can obviously cause serious human, economic and environmental impacts, but volcanoes can also be rich in
Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more?
Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more? During 1951 to 1991 there was an obvious economic decline in industries, which were based in the inner-city areas. Inner-city areas experienced a massive decline in industry during this time. All of the following resulted in the closure of factories, offices and shops: Industries were expanding at such a rate that they were taking up all the room in the inner-city areas. As we already know there is limited room in the inner city, and it would have been impossibility for the industries to expand any more. If they did expand, it would mean that they were expanding into residential areas, which is another impossibility. Once the factories had reached their full capacity in the areas they were situated, they were forced to move. This is a lack of expansion space. Buildings/factories often became out of date. New technologies had been introduced into the industries, and the basically the old factories were unsuited to the modern techniques. Often the buildings became derelict, and too bad to repair. The new factories were bigger and better, and could not expand in the inner city therefore they moved into the suburban areas. As the new companies looked for places to expand into, they tended to avoid the inner city. The infrastructure was poor. The roads were too small to accommodate all the large vehicles.
New Orleans' economy is very dependant on the tourism and lodging industry. In the past couple of years this industry in New Orleans has declined.
Chris Alford Economic Review New Orleans' economy is very dependant on the tourism and lodging industry. In the past couple of years this industry in New Orleans has declined. In 1996 the city hosted 12 million tourists and conventioneers and they spent close to $4 billion. The average daily room rate was $105. The September 11 attacks had a huge affect on the tourism industry. Although the economy in New Orleans is rising, the number of tourist each year has dropped dramatically. This past year New Orleans hosted an estimated 7.995 million visitors. This is approximately the same number as they hosted in 1991, meaning the increase in visitors throughout the nineties has been abolished. On the positive side, these 8 million visitors spent an approximate $4.5 billion on hotel rooms, food, drinks, entertainment, and shopping. This figure is actually higher than that spent by the 12 million visitors in 1996. This $4.5 billion created 2.9 billion in revenue and helped support more than 138,000 are jobs. New Orleans has done a great job in compensating for the decline in the tourism industry. Because of the lack of visitors they have simply made it more expensive for the guests they do receive. The current average daily room rate for New Orleans' hotels is about $170. Average airfare from Denver to New Orleans is $400. Even though these prices are so high, the
Lithography is a form of Planographic printing which is used mainly for commercial printing due to the high speed and low cost
Industry Lithography Printing Lithography is a form of Planographic printing which is used mainly for commercial printing due to the high speed and low cost of the process. The entire process is based on the way water and grease does not mix. The actual image attracts the grease (the ink) while the areas left blank attract water and therefore reject the ink. Only four colours are used; yellow, cyan, magenta and black, filters separate the colours into tiny dots which make up the picture. The best machines print in colour on both sides of the paper at once. They can print off either sheets or reels of paper. The process has a printing plate which is free to rotate. The printing plate is dampened so when ink is put on the plate the ink is repelled off any non-image areas. The printing plate then transfers an inked image onto the rubber blanket cylinder which presses the image onto the card or paper as it is fed through. Die Cutting Die cutting makes nets or shapes using different kinds of steel dies to score/cut/crease the surface. There are three different kinds of die cutting; hollow die cutting which is done with a hollow die which looks like a cookie cutter. This is used for only letters and envelopes. Steel rule die cutting is used when a close register is needed. Steel rules are made into the required shape and forced into plywood. It can cut several sheets at
To see how a river and its characteristics change with increasing distance downstream.
AIM To see how a river and its characteristics change with increasing distance downstream. OBJECTIVES . To see how mans influence effects the river. 2. To see if width, depth, velocity, bedload size, biological content and chemical content change downstream. HYPOTHESIS . Width should increase with increasing distance downstream. 2. Velocity should increase with increasing distance downstream. 3. Depth should increase with increasing distance downstream. THEORY An ideal river THE UPPER COURSE- In the upper course, the river is above its base level. This gives the river a lot of potential energy. The river is trying to cut down to its base level so mainly erodes in a downward direction. This helps to create the v-shaped river valleys in upland areas. THE MIDDLE COURSE- As the river flows downstream the gradient becomes less steep. Lateral erosion becomes more important than vertical erosion and the river starts to meander. Some of the rivers energy is also used to transport eroded material downstream. THE LOWER COURSE- The river is now nearing its mouth and deposition becomes the most mportant process encouraged by the large load carried by the river, any obstruction, any fall in the volume or any loss of velocity. The table below shows different features at the upper middle and lower courses of a river Upper course Middle course Lower course River
how does a match affect the workings of a molecular charged planet?
http://www.evergreenaviation.com/EHI/specsheets/bell205.html http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0477(1970)051%3C1121:VOREWS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 http://www.allthingsarctic.com/weather/index.aspx http://www.quarkexpeditions.com/arctic/enviro.shtml Some coastal areas endure almost constant strong winds, whereas other areas may be quite calm much of the time and then suddenly experience hurricane force winds as air rushes down through glacial valleys. These sudden and unexpected winds are called katabatic, or down slope, winds. The famous Australian explorer Douglas Mawson established a base there in 1912 and recorded wind speeds for two years. This is reputed to be the windiest place on earth, because the average wind speed during that period was 72 kilometres per hour (45 miles per hour), and gusts of more than 240 kph (150 mph) were common. Nevertheless, wind speeds have been observed to drop very significantly just a few miles away from the coast. Visitors to the Arctic should be aware that katabatic winds can occur quite suddenly, and with little warning, but then die down again just as quickly. They create dramatically low effective temperatures, due to the wind-chill factor. Also strong gale-force winds are quite common, especially in the region between 40º-60ºS. These cyclonic storms are caused by extremely cold air coming from
Minehead: Coastal Management
Minehead: Coastal Management Location On the Somerset coast, facing the Bristol Channel. Issue * In recent years, powerful sea currents have removed much of Minehead's beach and caused floods. No new material was being brought from the west by longshore drift as groynes built trapped material thus preventing the harbour from sitting up. Beach being lost by sea currents was therefore not being replaced by longshore drift. * 1/2 million holidaymakers each year create £90 million of tourist income and jobs. Flood Defence Scheme * Approved in 1996. Aims: . provide sea defences 2. raise the amenity value of the seafront * Sea wall was raised by 0.6 metres. Cost £9 million. * 300,000 tonnes of sand and shingle will raise the beach by 2 metres. * Rock armour and 4 groynes. Former will add support at base of sea wall. Latter should prevent the new beach material drifting eastwards out of the bay. Cost £3.5 million. * Consequences - waves should break further offshore. A longer distance therefore to use up energy. Beach no longer will be washed away. Waves will be less powerful so should not be able to overtop the sea walls. Beach may need reshaping after severe storms. * Funding agencies - Central government (MAFF), Environment Agency, West Somerset district Council, Rank Group plc. * The promenade and new seating were raised to preserve the fine sea views over the
