Modern Physics - AQA GCE Physics B - Revision Notes
Music and sound * All sounds are formed by a vibration and require a medium to travel through. Sound travel as a longitudinal wave (compression waves) where it forms a series of compression (region of higher pressure than surrounding) and rarefaction (region of lower pressure than surrounding) * Distance between 2 compressions is one wavelength and the frequency is number of waves / compression passing a certain point per second - measured in Hertz (Hz). Wave speed (c) = frequency (f) x wavelength (λ) * Typical human ear can detect frequency ranging from 15 – 20000 Hearts. The frequency below this range is called infrasound and those above are ultrasound. * When sound is turned into electrical signal (i.e. recorded by a microphone) the frequency can be measured with an oscilloscope, here: Frequency = and vice versa, Time period = * The pitch of a sound is produced form the fundamental frequency (lowest frequency when it’s vibrating freely) plus harmonics (multiples of the fundamental frequency). * When hearing sound waves of certain pitches together it produces consonants or harmonics. These sound waves form the basis of a musical interval. I.e. any 2 musical not of frequency ratio of 2:1 are separated by an octave. Whereas 2 notes with frequency ratio of 5:4 are separated by an interval of a third. * Quality can be called timbre. The same frequency note
An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis
Centre number: 20603 Candidate number: 1216 Name: Mohammed Zafran An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis Aim - I am going to investigate how different concentrations affect root vegetables finding the point of balanced osmosis, as this will be the isotonic point where the amount of water diffusing into the cell is equal to that diffusing out of the cell hence at this point equilibrium will exist and the isotonic point will be obtained. Therefore when I obtain my results and plot them on a graph the point at which they intercept the x-axis, will be my isotonic point. As the isotonic point is the point in which the net movement of water is equal therefore as I know that the mass is affected by the water content present in the cell. Therefore I will plot the values for my % mass increase/ decrease to find the isotonic point for each root vegetable. The x- axis will have the different concentration values; the y-axis of my graph will have the % change. As the my line of best fit intercepts the x-axis this will mean that my percentage change will be 0% and therefore at this concentration the isotonic point for my root vegetable will be obtained. Equipment required for the practical investigation. * 24 McCartney bottles will be used- These will be used to contain the various concentrations of sucrose
An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline.
A2 Biology coursework- Section A (Planning) Crystal Tsui Title: An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline. Introduction: Limpets are animals that belong to the family Patellidae. They are commonly found attaching strongly to rocks. In this study, it will be possible to assess the effect of shore height on the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. The biotic and abiotic factors will be taken into account on their distribution on different shore heights, i.e lower shore, middle shore and upper shore. I am going to carry this investigation at Cullercoats Bay, North Shield. On different shore heights, the abiotic and biotic conditions are varied which affects the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. Abiotic factor Temperature: There is an increasing temperature fluctuations from the lower shore to the upper shore. As land absorbs and releases heat quicker than water does(water has a high specific heat capacity). Limpets should be able to have adaptation to control the problem of temperature fluctuation on the upper shore so that their enzymes will not be denatured and failed to function properly. Desiccation : The lower shore gets covered by sea water for a long period for time (about 80% of the year ).Therefore, the risk of desiccation is far less on the lower shore. If
Amylase Investigation
Amylase Investigation Aim Industries today rely on enzymes because they can make processes more profitable. Enzymes are biodegradable proteins that make production processes more efficient and cost-effective, resulting in higher quality products. Enzymes are the key to a sustainable future as they help protect the environment by reducing waste and the need for harsh chemicals. Our bodies also produce enzymes for example fighting diseases, growth and digestion. Therefore, in order to understand what to do when reactions in our bodies are not working very well or to make industries as efficient as possible, we need to know about the conditions enzymes work best in. This investigation deals with looking at which temperature the enzyme Amylase digests starch at the fastest. It investigates the effect of temperature on the breakdown of starch by amylase, and finding the optimum temperature for the reaction. Background Information Enzymes Enzymes, are any one of many specialized organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change. For example, platinum is used to catalyse the reaction
This experiment aims to investigate the effects of 4 different types of fish food on the growth of guppy fry.
**** **** Student Name Candidate Number Report Title: Word Count A2 BIOLOGY RESEARCH INVESTIGATION RICHMOND UPON THAMES COLLEGE Centre Number: 14619 **** **** ********** Fish Food Experiment 8,765 **** **** Fish Food Experiment Aim This experiment aims to investigate the effects of 4 different types of fish food on the growth of guppy fry. The fish foods to be tested are TetraPrim a Tropical, Aquarian Tropical Flakes, Freeze-Dried Brine Shrimp and Natural foods such as mosquito larvae, algae and daphnia in which guppy fry feed on in the wild. Introduction Guppies (Poecelia reticulata) are renowned for the resilience in conditions much different from their normal habitat. Their survival rate in captivity is far greater than that of the wild, and they are extremely prolific breeders in almost all conditions . Unlike many other species of freshwater fish like Goldfish and Cichlids, guppies don t require any special conditions to breed and have been bred easily through natural means in bare glass tanks. Their hardiness also extends into the water conditions they can survive in. Guppies prefer harder and slightly alkaline conditions, however they have been successfully bred in acidic conditions and even in saline solutions exceeding that of sea-water when acclimated slowly. While it may not be immediately apparent, this experiment has a very important real world
Investigation to determine the viscosity of glycerol.
2007 IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY "Viscosity is the virtue by which a fluid offers resistance to the motion of a solid through it." This document reports on an experiment that examined the relationship between temperature and viscosity. The terminal velocity and up-thrust experienced by a sphere of fixed weight and radius was calculated by dropping it into a measuring cylinder filled with glycerol heated to different temperatures. Using Stokes Law viscosity corresponding to each temperature level was worked out. This generated a range of data points with viscosity corresponding to each temperature level. These data points were statistically analysed. The results corresponded to those indicated by theory i.e. temperature and viscosity are inversely related; as temperature increased viscosity decreased. This report is in five sections. The first details the plan and the science on which the experiment is based. The second describes implementation while the third analyses the results. The fourth section evaluates the both the experiment and its results. The fifth concludes. Plan .1 The Question Is viscosity affected by temperature? When temperature increases does viscosity decrease or increase and if it does are the changes systematic or random? These are the questions I investigate in this experiment. .2 Key Concepts Archimedes' principle "A body immersed in a
The Biology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and the Social Implications
Access to Nursing and Healthcare Professions 2007 Interdisciplinary Study Autism and the Social Implications By: Stephen Davies Biology: Hilary Barber Sociology: Jane Simpson Study Skills: Judith Larsen Contents Summary 3 Introduction 4 What are the causes and symptoms of having ASD? 5 Social Interaction 6 Behaviour Patterns 7 Possible causes of ASD 7 Genes 7 Single Abnormal Gene 10 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE 10 AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 11 Mumps-Measles and Rubella Vaccine (MMR) 11 Diagnosis of having ASD 12 Are There Any Treatments Or Cures? 13 'High Functioning Autistic' 13 The Social Model of Disability 15 Impairment 15 Disability 16 Support and Interventions 18 Training 19 Drugs 19 Other methods of treatment 19 Assessments and Education 20 Theory of Mind 21 How do other parents fare? 21 Make Schools Make Sense Report 22 The Report on Bullying 23 What the Make Schools Make Sense Report Concluded 24 Funding 25 The Right Training for Every Teacher 26 What next? 27 Conclusion 28 References 30 Bibliography 31 Acknowledgement 32 Summary This Interdisciplinary study is based on the topic of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, commonly known as ASD. The topic of autism was chosen due to the lack of understanding and confusion that can be seen within society surrounding many issues associated with ASD. Like many neurological
the role of pathology service
WALEED RAHMATI The role of the Pathology Service The Pathology Service is crucial. It provides diagnostic services to family doctors and hospitals department. It is varied discipline, ranging from the study of biochemicals, body tissues and bodily fluids to microbes and antibiotics. The media has given the subject a high profile, which reflects increasing public interest in the area of Pathology within forensics and criminology. I will study: * The role of the Biochemistry, Haematology, Microbiology, Pathology departments and type of tests undertaken in each department. * The stages involved in the processing of specimens and the importance of Health and Safety principles. * The knowledge and skills required by people working in the Biochemistry and Microbiology departments. * And how to conduct a Microbiological analysis and either a Chromatographic or Electrophoresis analysis. My Report will include: * The role of the Biochemistry Department * The types of specimens tested * The nature of the work undertaken in the department, including the common types of tests performed * For example testing for sugars in blood and urine * And estimating blood cholesterol * The principles involved in the use of either thin layer Chromatography or Electrophoresis analysis The role of the Biochemistry Department Introduction The role of the Biochemistry
The aim of this experiment is to produce Aspirin. This is an estrification in which an alcohol reacts with an acid and a small molecule is often eliminated. The reaction takes place under a concentrated acid catalyst which speeds up the chemical reaction.
Contents Planning Page number * Background Information---------------------------------------- 3 * Aim---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 * Plan - (choices of equipment)--------------------------------- 5 - 15 - (risk assessment) * Synoptic grid----------------------------------------------------- 16 Implementing * Preparation of Aspirin------------------------------------------ 18 - 19 * Melting point determination---------------------------------- 20 * Forward titration------------------------------------------------ 21 - 24 * Back titration---------------------------------------------------- 25 - 28 Analysing * Calculations----------------------------------------------------- 30 - 35 * Conclusion------------------------------------------------------ 36 - 37 Evaluating * Uncertainty associated with measurements--------------- 39 - 46 * Limitations of methods-------------------------------------- 47 * References---------------------------------------------------- 49 Background Information Introduction (1) (2) Aspirin is member of a family of chemicals called salicylates. Aspirin the pain reliever also known by the chemical
effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch.
Biology Coursework Abstract In this investigation I am going to explore the effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch. Copper sulphate is a very common chemical that can be used in a lot of different areas, but little has been discussed on its effect on amylase. I will find out which type of inhibitor copper ion is and how does it actually inhibits amylase, and also how concentration of copper sulpahte will affect the rate at which amylase works. Aim of investigation The aim of this investigation is to find out how concentration of copper sulphate affects the action of amylase. Hypothesis The higher the concentration of copper sulphate, the slower the amylase works. Rationale There are two ways that we could have consumed copper sulphate. Water pipes are responsible for transporting water, and some of them are made out of copper. Copper pipes can become rusted if there is high sulphate content in the water, basic copper sulphate is precipitated which can grow through the pipe wall creating pit holes [1]. Copper sulphate is also used in some places to treat sewer lines, tree roots are constantly looking for water and organic sources and sewer lines are the perfect site for them. Tree roots will penetrate and damage the pipes which will is expensive to repair. Copper sulfate kills tree roots without killing the tree or
