Outline & Evaluate the Cognitive Interview
Outline & Evaluate the Cognitive Interview The cognitive interview was devised by psychologists in order to eliminate the effects of misleading questions and misleading information. The process consists of first reporting everything the witness can remember, even information they believe to be unimportant. Then the witness is asked to mentally instate their experience, where they mentally use their sense to recall information. After this the witness is asked to change the order in which they recall the event, for example going backwards, and finally the witness is asked to change the perspective from which they recall the data, telling the officer the situation from above or as an onlooker. Fisher and Geiselman found that reporting everything and mental reinstatement check for consistency of the eyewitness report, and changing the order and perspective helps to create a different route to recall, increasing the amount of information. The cognitive interview has strong supporting research; Kohnken et al for example, reviewed research into eyewitness testimony and found that the cognitive interview increased the amount of correct information recalled by 48%, compared to the standard interview. Also, Stein & Memon found that the cognitive interview is effective because people remember more when given cues. They made Brazilian female cleaners watch a video of an abduction, and
The cognitive perspective in psychology is often used to explain behaviour. Discuss the cognitive perspective in psychology. In your answer, refer to at least two topics that you have studied in psychology.
The cognitive perspective in psychology is often used to explain behaviour. Discuss the cognitive perspective in psychology. In your answer, refer to at least two topics that you have studied in psychology The cognitive approach focuses on the cognitive processes between the stimulus and response. It see's humans as information processors, much like computers, as information is received, processed and then used to guide behaviour. In 1973, Mischel distinguished five variables that influence the response to a stimulus. These variables are competencies, encodings, expectancies, values and plans. Together, they influence the attribution process and so affect behaviour. Unlike behaviourists, cognitive psychologists include the internal cognitive processes between stimulus and response and so when compared to the behaviourist approach, cognitive psychologists argue that humans make sense of the stimulus before responding, rather than simply responding in an unthinking way to a stimulus. However, the cognitive approach is often criticised for being too mechanistic and reductionist. This is because it reduces complex human processes and behaviour to those of a computer and ignores the fact that humans are biological organisms and are not machines. One topic that the cognitive approach applies to is anxiety disorders, and more specifically, phobias. Cognitive psychologists
Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview - Paxman and Galloway interview
Exploring the genre and style of the Political Interview Introduction Politics is an area in society which is accepted as an important aspect of our lives. It governs our country and, as a result, affects how we conduct our everyday affairs. Since the commercial availability of television, politicians have had the opportunity to express party views, promote their manifesto and justify controversial actions. Live interviews have allowed the nation to put forward questions they want answered, significantly progressing the basis on who we decide to vote for to govern our country. These interviews are perhaps most notable on Newsnight, hosted by Jeremy Paxman. Paxman became a presenter of Newsnight in 1989 and has since been a pioneer in the interrogative style used to unnerve his interviewees. This topic is of particular interest due to the nature of the interaction between a representative of the audience (the interviewer) and the politician. In many cases, it is evident that politicians adopt a tactful stance when answering questions in order to prevent perceptions and retain popularity. Interviews often gain entertainment value when questions are put forward that place the interviewee in a difficult stance, and more so when an attempt is made to divert the topic to suit the interviewees position. This is a typical method used in order to gain control of conversation, and
Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Lisa Chinnery Unit 2 1.1 Explain key characteristics and concepts of Humanistic Therapy, Psychodynamic therapy & Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Humanistic Therapy The foundations of the humanistic approach provide the client with a deeper understanding of who they are, what they feel and the opportunity to explore the possibility of creating personal choices. It encourages self-awareness and self-realisation. Humanistic therapy is used for anxiety, low self-esteem, bereavement, depression, stress management, loss or relationship issues. The key characteristics are; Congruence – Genuineness, the counsellor shows honesty and openness toward the client, not putting on a front, they are equals. Empathy – Accepting the client for who they are, not judging them them whatever they say or do will allow the client to open up. Unconditional Positive Regard – Putting ourselves in the clients shoes, if the client feels, we are right there with them and know how they are feeling it will help them along the way, knowing that they are not alone with how they are feeling and where they are in their mind. Environment – A safe environment is needed for the client to open up and carry on along their journey, they should be seen in a secure, private, comfortable space that allows them the freedom to open up without the worry of outside influences. Also, that their sessions are
What have been the major challenges to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? What aspects of the theory still have value?
Mrs Tracey Goode ID No: T6164966 TMA No 5: What have been the major challenges to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? What aspects of the theory still have value? Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was a constructivist theorist. He saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piaget's insight opened up a new window into the inner working mind and as a result he carried out some remarkable studies on children that had a powerful influence on theories of child thought. This essay is going to explain the main features and principles of the Piagetian theory, how Piaget has influenced education and relate the Piagetian theory to two challenging perspectives, social constructivism and connectionist modelling. Piaget saw children as constructing their own world, playing an active part in their own development, which was the bulk of his work but also believed that social context was an important feature as well. Children are intrinsically motivated to interact with their environment and so learn about the world they live in. Piaget believed that children had the ability to adapt to their environment and saw intelligence as an evolutionary process. Piaget alleged children's thinking goes through changes at each of four
Outline and Evaluate 2 Cognitive Developmental Explanations of Gender Development
Outline and Evaluate 2 Cognitive Developmental Explanations of Gender Development There are two cognitive explanations of gender development. These theories share the view that the child's thinking and understanding of their gender identity as boys or girls is what leads to the adoption of gender role behaviours. Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory (1966) argued that the child develops an understanding of gender in three stages and it is only after the child has fully understood that gender is constant, at around age 5, that they show gender role behaviour. Martin and Halverson's gender schema theory (1981) agrees with the cognitive nature of gender development, but argues that children develop schemas about gender and gender role behaviours earlier than Kohlberg suggested. According to Kohlberg (1966), the child's understanding of their own gender identity forms the basis of their enactment of gender role behaviours. Kohlberg argued that the child's understanding of gender develops gradually through three stages which are loosely linked to age across early childhood. In each of these stages, the child grasps increasingly more complex concepts about the nature of gender. Gender Identity: the first and most simple concept the child has to gasp relates to their own sex - that of a girl or boy. Between the age of about two and three-and-a-half, the young child starts to
Compare and contrast the main approaches - Biological and Behaviourist, biological and cognitive, Psychodynamic and Behaviourist.
Compare and Contrast the Psychodynamic and Cognitive approaches in terms of similarities and differences. [12 Marks] The cognitive and psychodynamic approaches have many similarities and differences; these include debates in nature and nurture, the usefulness of these approaches, deterministic and scientific/non scientific. The psychodynamic approach takes into account both nature and nurture, however the cognitive approach has failed to recognise the influence of nature and nurture. Freud claimed that adult personality is the product of innate drives (nature) and childhood experiences (nurture). These innate drives include the structure of the personality, Id, ego and superego as well as the psychosexual development every child passes through. If a child does not pass through these processes successfully it could lead to abnormalities in behaviour. The cognitive approach has carried out research into intelligence but has not looked at the influence of genes in its research or environmental factors (such as wealth) that could influence intelligence. Therefore this clearly indicates that both approaches are different in terms of nature and nurture. The cognitive approach is useful and has been applied successfully in therapy. As one of the core assumptions of the cognitive approach is that mental processes influence our behaviour, therefore if these process are
In this essay I am going to contrast and compare three approaches in psychology which are behaviourist, cognitive, and humanist. I am going to show how these psychological approaches contribute to the understanding of the human mind and behaviour.
In this essay I am going to contrast and compare three approaches in psychology which are behaviourist, cognitive, and humanist. I am going to show how these psychological approaches contribute to the understanding of the human mind and behaviour. Human mind and behaviour are affected during moments of transition and change. These are moments in which there is an alteration in an individual's life. They can take a period of time to occur or can take place suddenly. Transitions happen during a period of time. The definition of the word transition confirms it. It is definite as 'the process or a period of changing from a state or condition to another' (Hornby, 2005: 1631). To illustrate, there is a period of changes when individuals leave adolescence and become adults. That period of changes is a transition. Changes are more sudden, and when they occur something is changed. The same dictionary gives the following definitions for change: 'to pass or make sb/sth pass from one state or form into another' (Hornby, 2005: 243) or 'to stop having one state, position or direction and start having another' (Hornby, 2005: 244). These definitions clearly show that a change is instantaneous, occurs in a very short period of time. For example, a sudden death of spouse or other person very close to a certain individual drastic changes the individual's behaviour and way of life; get married
M1: Explain how oral communication can be used in business situation
"M1: Explain how oral communication can be used in business situation" There are number of different ways used to communicate orally in businesses such as by telephone, video conference, voicemail, face to face conversation, interview, presentation, group discussion etc. Business communication is very important because it shows how people interact within the business and communication should be clear so that information is understood. I am now going to chose four oral communication methods and I will give examples in a detail of each method of oral communication which can be used in businesses. * Face- Face communication: Face to face is the best and easiest method to use to communicate with other people. This is because the person can make clear point across to the listener and if they do not understand then they can use the speaker's facial expressions and body language to help them understand, what the person is trying to say. In businesses the best way is to communicate in private without any distractions or disturbances. This is the reason why most of the businesses schedule all their interviews in advance and leave instructions not to be interrupted during interviews. For this communication the person must have strong listening skills and speaking skills. The advantage of this communication is that it is an easy method of confirming something, giving out
Explain different psychological approaches to health practice.
Unit 8: Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care. P2: Explain different psychological approaches to health practice. There are six different psychological approaches in psychology. I have talked about these in great detail in my previous assignment P1, I will now discuss the different psychological approaches to health practice. The six psychological approaches are; Behaviourist perspective*, Social learning theory, Psychodynamic perspective, Humanistic perspective, Cognitive perspective* and the Biological perspective. The behaviourist perspective is all about believing that learning has occurred when you can see the changes in behavior. The behavioral learning model is the result of conditioning. Conditioning suggests that a reward following a desirable response acts as a reinforcer and increases the likelihood that the desirable response will be repeated. Reinforcement is the most important part of the behaviorist approach. A paediatric nurse in a healthcare setting provides reinforcement at each step of the process. For example, when a child is having to get a blood test done and is afraid and refusing to do so calmly, the nurse will look for a positive behavior and then gives the patient immediate reinforcement by saying, “you are such a big boy, well done!” or “you did an excellent job with that!”. Another time the behaviourist theory is used
