How successful were Nazi economic policies in the years 1933-45?
How successful were Nazi economic policies in the years 1933-45? When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 it had two main aims - to solve unemployment, and to make Germany as strong an economic and military power as possible, so that the humiliating and devastating defeat of the First World War could never happen again. In order to do this, several areas had to be tackled. Firstly, unemployment was huge and rising steadily - in 1933 six million people were unemployed. Secondly, the party had promised better conditions for workers, and this had to be balanced with continuing the good relationship that the Nazis had with businesses. In order to build up Germany's military strength after the under-funding and downsizing that Versailles imposed, large amounts of funding were needed for the armaments industry and the armed forces. Lastly, the Nazis wanted to create autarky - making Germany self-sufficient and ready for war. The stages of the German economy - The economic recovery, the four year plan and the war economy, all reached different extents of success, to which are subjective to their strengths and failures. The 'success' can be divided between the policies aims, and the results, the results being of most importance. Germany had faced continuing economic problems since the end of the first war, those problems then worsened coinciding with the world economic depression
Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules and Fiscal Policy targets and constraints in promoting Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness
Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Monetary Policy rules and Monetary Policy targets and constraints in promoting Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness L1. Monetary policies are where the government use changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. In the short run economic growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run economic growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy can produce) Economic Stability - the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates. International Competitiveness - The ability of an economy's firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, sustain increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. For example if a Government ? interest rates, people will have an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of interest, meaning they have more to spend on goods and services, thus
Explain why the control of inflation is an important objective of government economic policy.
a) Explain why the control of inflation is an important objective of government economic policy. Although monetary policy can be used to affect many things, the main objective of monetary policy is the control of inflation. The target for inflation set by the government is 2.5%. Ever since the UK fell out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in September 1992, UK monetary policy has involved using interest rates to control the level of inflation. There are very close links between the rate of interest, the money supply and the exchange rate. At times when the UK has been tied to a fixed exchange rate system (like the Bretton Woods system after the Second World War, and, more recently, the ERM), both the rate of interest and the supply of money have to be adjusted to maintain the goal of the fixed exchange rate. When the UK was part of the ERM from 1990 to 1992, the UK government effectively lost control of interest rates and, to a certain extent, the supply of money. So, a government's monetary policy consists of the control of interest rates, the money supply or the exchange rate. It is difficult to control two or more of these things at once. UK monetary policy - from 'Thatcher's experiment' to the ERM The policy of controlling the money supply of the early 80s did not quite work as intended. Nigel Lawson, the Chancellor at the time, decided to 'shadow' the Deutschmark
China's one child policy
China's One Child Policy Why was it needed? The answer to this question is quite simple as China was over populated and it was increasing rapidly. The government were forced to do something about it or else the people would starve leading into much bigger consequences. Their solution was to enforce the one child policy. In detail China's one child policy was created by Deng Xiaoping because of the large population; 300 million people were born over 20 years. The population would have been a lot bigger if female babies were wanted. From this graph we can see that the population in China increased lots from 1950 to 995, where as Europe has not. This shows why China had to bring in the one child policy. Even after that though China's Population is still growing rapidly. When Enforced? This policy was enforced at a time when it was vitally needed to keep China stable. The policy was introduced in 1978 and initially applied to first-born children in 1979. It was created by the Chinese government to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China. The policy was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, three years after Mao's death. It was introduced around the same time as the Deng economic reforms. These reforms created a demand for more children to supply workers to increase food production and make more profit. The rationale for the
Mussolini's foreign policy.
Mussolini's foreign policy. Foreign and military policy were the key activities of the Fascist state. Martin Clarke. Such was Mussolini's belief in the importance of foreign policy that apart form a brief period from 1922 to 1936 he acted as his own Foreign Minister and thereafter retained control his son-in-law Count Galeazzo Ciano. Mussolini's style abroad, as at home, was that of the bully rather than the negotiator and here too he firmly believed that in politics it was more advantageous to be feared rather than liked. In foreign policy he challenged other countries one after the other to create the impression of being a difficult person who had to be bought off with victories of prestige. Running about biting everybody was how the South African leader, Smuts, described him at the end of 1923. While he told foreigners that his policy was one of peace a co-operation, at the same time he told Italians that his aim was national grandeur. During its first year of rule, Fascism gave the world the opportunity to judge its ideas on world policy, not only by official declarations but by actual proof. On the 27th of August 1923 an opportunity fell to Mussolini to show that Italian foreign policy was powerful and dynamic. An Italian general and four members of his staff were shot while working on frontier arrangements between Greece and Albania for the League of Nations. Two days
Most German people benefitted from Nazi rule 1933-39 Do you agree? Explain you answer.
Eloise Sear 11P Hitler's Germany 1929-39 b) 'Most German people benefitted from Nazi rule 1933-39" Do you agree? Explain you answer. (12 marks) Between 1933 and 1939, it is clear that whilst some people benefitted from Nazi rule, others did not. However, most German people accepted Nazi rule due to the benefits it did bring. One group of people that did benefit were the unemployed. Hitler reduced unemployment from 6 million in 1933 to just 300,000 in 1939 by starting huge public work schemes including planting forests, and building hospitals and schools. The construction of the autobahns created work for 80,000 men. A further fall in unemployment came when Hitler brought about rearmament and introduced conscription. Although the newly employed were earning little, at least they were receiving money. To people who had been unemployed and starving, 'work and bread' was something amazing. Also, the schemes meant that new facilities were being constructed in Germany benefitting the German people further. However, it did come at a cost. To achieve this, many Jews and women were sacked and replaced with non-Jewish men. People who were already working also benefitted. Workers were allowed to go on holidays for the first time. Hitler's 'joy through work' scheme allowed people to have free trips to the German coast and go to place like Norway. The scheme
China's One Child Policy
Sasha Zouev Geography 09/11/05 China's One Child Policy China is the 3rd biggest country in the world in terms of land area. However in terms of population, China is by far the leading nation with a population of roughly 1,306,313,000 people (2005 est). Brief History of China's Population 1905 - 1978 China was founded in 1949 at a time when the country had a population of about 540 million. Within three decades the population was above 800 million. This record population boost from the 1950s to the 1970s fashioned a strong population momentum that is motivating China's population expansion in spite of already low levels of fertility. It is hypothesized that China's population will grow to some 1.48 billion. Nonetheless, all of this growth will take place during the next 25 years. In its most recent medium variant projection, the UN Population Division estimates that China's population will rise by 260 million between 1995 and 2025. This certainly causes a major crisis for China's food supply: within only three decades the nation will have to feed an additional 260 million people (equivalent to the total population of the USA). At the bottom of the Chinese population pyramid (see fig. 1) one can again see large associates that were born between 1985 and 1990. They are almost as large as the birth cohorts during the "baby boom" years. However, these large number of
Fiscal and monetary policy - a comparison
fiscal and monetary policy - comparison Introduction Fiscal policy should not be seen is isolation from monetary policy. For most of the last thirty years, the operation of fiscal and monetary policy was in the hands of just one person - the Chancellor of the Exchequer. However the degree of coordination the two policies often left a lot to be desired. Even though the BoE has operational independence that allows it to set interest rates, the decisions of the Monetary Policy Committee are taken in full knowledge of the Government's fiscal policy stance. Indeed the Treasury has a non-voting representative at MPC meetings. The government lets the MPC know of fiscal policy decisions that will appear in the annual budget. Impact on the Composition of Output Monetary policy is seen as something of a blunt policy instrument - affecting all sectors of the economy although in different ways and with a variable impact Fiscal policy changes can be targeted to affect certain groups (e.g. increases in means-tested benefits for low income households, reductions in the rate of corporation tax for small-medium sized enterprises, investment allowances for businesses in certain regions) Consider too the effects of using either monetary or fiscal policy to achieve a given increase in national income because actual GDP lies below potential GDP (i.e. there is a negative output gap)
U.S. foreign policy after the World Wars.
Essay 25 U.S. foreign policy has always been characterized by a commitment to free trade, protection of American interests, and a concern for human rights. The United States foreign policy after World War I was isolationism and withdrawal from world affairs, in which they refused to join the League of Nations. After World War II, there was full engagement with world affairs on a global scale. In the United States foreign policy post World War I, there was restricted immigration with the Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act. These were intended as temporary legislation but these Acts proved in the long run the most important turning-point in American immigration policy. The United States entered a period of isolationism with the passage of the various Neutrality Acts of the 1930's. These were passed in response to the growing problems in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. The US was sought to limit future warfare by the Kellogg-Briand Pact that outlawed war as a means of problem solving. The United States sought to find communists and other agitators through the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act. In the United States foreign policy post World War II, the US was heavily involved in foreign affairs through the policy of Containment hopes of stopping the spread of Communism. The Truman Doctrine stated that the US would support Greece and
What are the Problems and Possibilities of Economic Monetary Union?
What are the Problems and Possibilities of Economic Monetary Union? European Monetary Union (EMU) was first introduced in 1969 at a summit of the European Economic Community in The Hague, the members arranged to endeavour and reduce the fluctuations in their currencies in order to coordinate national policies. 1 (McCormick). Jacques Delores, in 1989 as the president of the Commission decided to introduce a 3 stage plan designed to increase the movement towards EMU, the plan attempts to fix exchange rates and introduce a single currency, the Euro. This plan was not completed until 2002 when the Euro coins and notes began circulating. In order for members of the European Union to join the Euro they were subject to convergence criteria, which confined the levels of government debt and national debt, inflation rates, exchange rates and interest rates the member country is allowed to have. Converging to these criteria and adopting the Euro has provided many different outcomes, some of which are negative and other which will benefit the economies of the member countries. This essay shall examine the problems and possibilities of European Monetary Union in order to determine whether EMU is beneficial to all that have taken part, and to discover where Economic Monetary Union is headed. In order to be part of the Economic Monetary Union, the member countries adopted the Euro
