Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a therapy that is involved with the Cognitive approach to Psychology.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a therapy that is involved with the Cognitive approach to Psychology. It is a specific method that involves speaking about how a person is feeling about him or herself, the world around them and also other people. It also takes in to account how the person's actions can change their own thoughts and feelings. The use of this manner of therapy can also aid someone in changing the ways in which they think and what they actually do. The cause of abnormal behavior is caused by maladaptive thought processes that we may undergo. Maladaptive behavior is behavior that does not allow a person to lead a normal life. When speaking of it in a biological sense, it is animal behavior that prevents breeding. The use of CBT can alter the thinking patterns of a person which will ultimately let them behave more normally. The thinking part of this process is otherwise known as the 'Cognitive' part and what the person does is know as their 'Behavior'. By making these changes to a person's life, they are able to feel better about themselves. Although other therapies are known to look at the problems a person may have had in the past, CBT tends to look more at the present problems that the person has to face and ways of advancing their state of mind. There are a number of illnesses that CBT has been proven to work effectively
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
America's obsession with Therapy
America's obsession with Therapy Condition of Americans Obsession with Therapy A new popular health consciousness seems to be emerging constantly in the United States. We are a self-conscious nation. Since the late 1800s American has been exploring the Science of Heath and Happiness.1 Phineas Quimby was a pioneer in this field, writing the book that sparked so many people's interest. American's interest grew, but it was not until that late 1960s and 1970s that the interest developed into a full blown obsession. During this time there was a surge of interest in personal health and wellbeing, expressed in a wide variety of health-related social movements: vegetarianism, the natural health movement, the self-esteem movement. This was also a time when consumer fads like grapefruit juice, aerobics, and workout videos were rapid. A devotion to psychological health and emotional problems dominates our culture today. We see it in talk shows like Geraldo, Oprah, and Ricki Lake; in self help books such as Atkins for life, Self Matters, Before You Say, I QUIT.2 If talk shows and self-help books were all we saw the obsession manifested in, it would be significant, but still partial. Actually, it has reached far beyond the bookshelf and the media. American's world view has been deeply shaped by its obsession with therapy. It is not just our personal lives, but every part of our
Cancer Therapy and Pathophysiology
Cancer is defined as a medical disorder characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells beyond normal limits, followed by invasion from adjacent tissues. It is spread to other body parts by lymph or blood through metastasis. The division of cancerous cells progresses from initiation and promotion till formation of malignant tumors. The diagrammatic representation of formation of cancer cells in the body is shown below: Source: Adapted from www.medicalbook.com/cancers. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CANCER: Cell growth is systematic process which has balance between growth of new cells and death of old ones. However, cancerous cells creates imbalance of the normal mechanism and causes excessive growth. Carcinogenesis causes derangement of division of cells due to damage of DNA. Proto-oncogenes, responsible for cell growth are impaired in carcinogenesis due to mutations. Proto-oncogenes become over expressed to cause excessive uncontrolled cell growth. Additionally, Tumor suppressor genes which become active during dell repair, also gets deactivated during mutagenesis caused by cancer and the ability to repair DNA gets witched off. Mutations to proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are the main patho-physiological causes of cancer and multiple tumors. Substances which initiate mutations and DNA damage in the human body are termed as mutagens or carcinogens. These mutagens are
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) By Yasemin MERIÇ - June, 2005 Social Science Inst. of Istanbul Dogus University Clinical Psychology Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is not a specific therapy but rather, a general classification of psychotherapy ("History," 2004). Within the CBT model, there are a few approaches and this include Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (2004). Each of these methods has a different developmental history (2004). Some are more popular than others. For example, REBT is well embraced as is cognitive therapy. Within the same family of psychology, each of these theories have different authors and different techniques employed in the course of treatment. First, what is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy exactly? CBT is a psychotherapeutic model that is utilized by psychologists or therapists in order to enhance positive changes in individuals ("Cognitive Behavioral," 2004). It is supposed to help in the alleviation of emotional distress, as well as to look at a variety of issues that relate to psychological, behavioral and social difficulties (2004). Therapists who engage in this approach serve to identify and treat problems which arise as it relates to an individual's irrational thought processes (2004).
Discuss two biological therapies for depression. You should refer to research evidence in your answer.
Discuss two biological therapies for depression. You should refer to research evidence in your answer. (8 marks + 16 marks) Drugs are the first port of call for individuals suffering from depression and there are three main drug therapies that are used to treat the mood disorder. Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are used for treating depression as they are effective in treating the symptoms of depression but they do cause unwanted side effects that can, in extreme cases, could be life threatening. Individuals that are prescribed MAOIs need to restrict their diets to exclude foods that react adversely with the drug. They are usually prescribed when other medications have proved ineffective for the particular patient. Another type of antidepressant that is used to treat depression is tricyclic antidepressants. They work by raising levels of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain. The specific effects depend on the mechanisms targeted. They have been shown to be quite effective in alleviating symptoms of depression and have fewer side effects than MAOIs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs such as fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac), were originally though to be free of side effects and were prescribed extensively. In the last few years, doubts were raised about their safety and in particular, there were reports linking Prozac to suicidal behavior.
Depression is a mental state of excessive sadness.
"Depression can be defined as an emotional state of mind characterised by feeling of gloom and inadequacy leading to withdrawal. Depression is a mental state of excessive sadness characterised by persistently low mood, loss of pleasure and interest. To be considered a clinical condition depression symptoms have a duration of at least 2 weeks and include; disturbance in sleep, appetite, and concentration." This definition was taken from the Collins English Dictionary and Hyperdictionary, from this definition it can clearly be seen that depression is a serious disorder with great affects on an individuals mental well being. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing "blue mood", people who suffer from depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better, without treatment depressive symptoms can last for weeks, months or even years and can progressively worsen. Basically speaking there are two types of depression, reactive depression; this occurs because of some usually negative (but can be positive!) event like a loss of a relative or someone close, this can vary greatly from mild to severe however mild depression is much more common. There is also endogenous depression; this occurs entirely for biological reasons, this can also be mild and severe but mostly in the case of endogenous depression the symptoms of
Gene Therapy
The Impact of Science on Gene Therapy Science is the modern world's most essential asset. Most of our lives today revolve around science and technology, and without either, we would not be able to function in today's world. For instance, science has transformed old-age farming methods into high-tech genetically modifying methods that are greatly assisting today's farmers. Science has also made reproduction for women suffering from infertility and birth complications possible by providing aid in the form of 'test tube babies' and surrogacy. Another major step that science has taken comes in the form of Gene Therapy. 'Replacement' and 'modification' are the most commonly used terms associated with Gene Therapy. Defective genes are either replaced, added to, or modified using DNA injections, or genetic engineering techniques to correct segments of DNA and genetic material so that it may act as a cure for patients that have defective genes or inherited defects. Gene Therapy allows scientists to medically replace defective genes, or medically add to normal genes to living cells in the hopes of correcting or remedying a genetic defect. Gene therapy allows doctors, with the help of scientists, to cure genetically caused conditions by the insertion of corrective genes (Clay Farris). There are plenty of advantages that come from the use of gene therapy which will prove to be
Drug Abuse
A drug is “a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being” (Dictionary 1). Even though most teens are using drugs as an enhancement, drug abuse for teens is a world wide spread problem. Drug abuse is especially bad in the United States. In a survey, the website teenhelp.com reported that 34.3 percent of high school seniors used marijuana in the last year. Marijuana is the most used drug of teens but over the past 12 months 5.3 percent of high school seniors has used cocaine and 10 percent used stimulants and 4.2 percent used inhalants. Causes of drug abuse have had efforts to solve but they do not work. If drug abuse is still present, the consequences can get worse. There are many causes to drug abuse. The number on reason why students do drugs is because they are stressed and want an escape from reality. “An accompanying study showed that parents severely underestimate the amount of stress their teen is under and the impact it has on their life” (“Top 10 Reasons of Drug Abuse”). Parents do not know what teens go through so if they are not watching them they can form bad habits such as drug abuse. Another major reason why teens use drugs is because of peer pressure or social acceptance. “If your teen’s friends think it’s cool to se drugs or alcohol, or if your
Depression - Gender Differences.
DEPRESSION: GENDER DIFFERENCES Among the myriad differences between men and women is the manner in which they are influenced by and respond to depression. From environmental to social and cultural to chemical, the divergent factors that categorize depression as having separate indicators and consequences. Among other methods, organizational therapy employs the use of clarification between people and events in order to ascertain a basis of the depression; as a means by which to establish a relationship between the issues and the individuals who bring them to light, organizational therapy is a way to correlate the association between "life cycle events and the onset of problems" (Stanton, 1992, p. 331). As well, the fact that depression manifests itself differently between men and women draws upon research for such conclusions, which clearly demonstrate the physical variances. Chemical imbalance in the brain has long been thought to be the cause for depression. But researchers at Washington University have discovered possible structural abnormalities in the brain as well. The prefrontal cortex has been found to be smaller in the brains of the depressed person. In fact, depressed patients have been found to have a drastically smaller volume of a section of the left PFC that sits behind the bridge of the nose. In some cases this section is up to forty percent smaller in
