"Environmental degradation is neither the inevitable price of, nor a desirable path for, economic development
"Environmental degradation is neither the inevitable price of, nor a desirable path for, economic development." (UNDP, et al, 2005) Introduction Environmental degradation is now apparent on a global scale. In addition to the deterioration of what were once considered free goods (such as air and water), escalating scarcity of natural resources, deforestation, desertification and threatened bio-diversity are now commonplace across the spectrum. There are certainly no reservations over the scale of this degradation, however there is much controversy concerning the apparent environmental degradation - economic development nexus. Many have argued that short-term tradeoffs exist in the form of environmental degradation, for superior long-term economic gains. One of the positions put forward is that environmental degradation is the result and inevitable price of economic development. This viewpoint is based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve, regarding environmental degradation as the 'necessary evil' for achieving 'economic development' and suggesting that environmental assets are degraded in the early stages of economic development, only to improve after some income threshold has been passed at a later point. In the last decade, extensive literature has argued that a direct link between environmental degradation and economic development is too simplistic and that the
To what extent is the oil crisis of 1973 a turning point in postwar economic development?
Chin Ying Lin Olivia (2) 6L 07/02/2010 To what extent can the oil crisis of 1973-4 be regarded as a turning point in the development of the international economy? The 1973 oil crisis was an event when the members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war and lasted until March 1974. In this essay, a "turning point" is defined to be a landmark- an event marking a unique or important historical change of course or one on which important developments depend. While acknowledging that the oil crisis certainly had dramatic and lasting impact on the development of the international economy: in terms of signifying the start of a worldwide shift in power away from the U.S for the first time, bringing about catastrophic repercussions on the international economy and also leading to the formation of the G-7 ; to regard it as a " turning point" would be an overstatement, due to the temporary nature of the crisis, as well as preceding events such as the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, and the continuity of dominance of the US in the global economy, albeit with lesser power than before the oil crisis. All these suggest otherwise: either that other events qualify more as a "turning point" than the oil crisis, or that there remained continuity of
Development is hazardous to natural and build environments
Developing country areas will decrease the amount of poverty throughout all of Asia, including the assistance to the countries economic growth. The development of road built infrastructure, water availability and aid will assist in the reduction of poverty. "Infrastructure development is a driving factor that can affect poverty negatively and positively. Infrastructure is important for poverty reduction. This can be the case where development aid, road construction or water and sanitary investments have been made with poverty reduction in mind." - (Environmental Knowledge of Change) The increased development and aid from more developed countries would help reduce the amount of poverty in many developing countries, also helping the population's health while helping to deteriorate the amount of poverty driven families. Economic growth can be helped by increasing the amount of contact within inland areas around Asia. "Rapid economic growth in recent years has put enormous pressure on Asia's transport, energy, and communications infrastructure. Unless these can be improved, they will continue to be a bottleneck to growth...Better connectivity with inland areas, for instance, would boost trade and economic growth in both coastal areas and inland...Following the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis, countries with significant investments in infrastructure recovered faster than
Discuss the benefits of economic growth
Discuss the benefits of economic growth Economic growth is simply, in the short run, the rise in real GDP due to rise in aggregate demand: and in the long run an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output that the economy can produce), meaning that the Factors of Production are either more efficiently used or more are discovered or found. Governments tend to try and achieve economic growth as it has many advantages, one of which is higher employment levels, which incidentally should lead to a decrease in unemployment. If more people who are willing and able to work in a country have a job (and therefore earning an income) the GDP of that country will inevitably increase and so if this high employment rate is stable and sustainable, economic growth, in the long run, will occur. Hence, employment figures could be seen as proportional to the GDP of a country. The employed workers are a Factor of Production called the labour force. If there is unemployment, then our Factors of Production are not being used as efficiently as possible and so the point on the Production Possibility Frontier will not be on the frontier itself, indicating that economic growth is not occurring as the productive capacity will not be increasing. However, if low levels of unemployment are sustained consistently, then you are using at least one Factor of Production to its full extent and so the
Piaget's and Freud's Child development theories
In the mid twentieth century the interest in child development grew, more in-depth research took place and a large number of theories arose .Two theorists that had great impact on child development in this era were Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget's research is centered around life stages of cognitive developmental theory, also how children adapt to their environment with the use of schemas, accommodation and assimilation. Like Piaget, Freud also developed a process, which involved stages of development called psychosexual theory. Psychosexual theory centered on the sexual drive and consists of 5 stages of development in children. Freud also divided the mind into three personality parts the id, ego and super ego; these become integrated into the 5 stages of psychosexual development. (Berk, 2009) Jean Piaget was born in 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Piaget was an intelligent child who took an interest in biology and the natural world at a young age. After Graduating Piaget went on to teach at Grange- Aux-Belles Street School for Boys, Where he worked along side the creator of the Binet Intelligence Test, Alfred Binet. Piaget discovered while marking the Binet Intelligence Test, young children were making wrong answers on certain questions that older children and adults did not. This lead to Piaget's research into young child development. (Vialle & Verenikina,
Economic and Social consequences of Unemployment
Economic and Social consequences of Unemployment Unemployment has both social and economic costs. According to ILO (International Labor organization), unemployment is defined as, '' people of working age who are without work, available for work and actively seeking employment.'' In other words, it is a state of an individual looking for a job but not having one. Unemployment is one of the factors crucial in determining the economic stability of a country. There are several factors which might lead to unemployment such as labor market conflicts (trade-unions) and downturns in economy. Seasonal unemployment occurs when a person is unemployed or their profession is not in demand during a certain season. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment is when there is less demand for goods and services in the marker so the supply needs to be reduced. There is myriad number of social and economic problems related with unemployment. The reason why government stresses much on reducing the unemployment levels is because it poses a great cost on an economy. In case of unemployed people themselves, they will receive less or no income based on whether or not they receive unemployment benefits from the government. Reduction in income means less spending and therefore lower standard of living. The cost of unemployment worsens the longer a person is unemployed because it affects as he becomes
To what extent is economic growth desirable
To what extent is economic growth desirable? In economics, short term economic growth translates to a rise in real GDP, and in the long term an increase in the maximum output (aggregate goods and services) an economy can produce. Growth is caused by an increase in aggregate demand; this may be as a result of higher consumer expenditure, more investment or as seen recently in BRIC, a substantial increase in exports which all form a component of AD. Economic growth is seen to be extremely desirable by all governments as it solves many problems of modern life; there are of course many consequences but this is a small price to pay compared to what could be gained, so economic growth is desirable. The benefits of economic growth for all economies and especially LEDCs are increased employment, reduced poverty and a higher standard of living. These events occur because as AD increases, more factors of production, most notably labour are needed to produce goods and services for the economy. When this occurs on a large scale unemployed workers shift into employment. This is beneficial as governments provide less social security for the population, so they can spend money on public services. As a result of increase government spending, the quality of services such as education, health and shelter will become better hence improving the standard of living. Previously unemployed workers
Child Development - Child Study
I have been asked to produce a piece of coursework for Child Development. The coursework is to do a Child Study on a child of my choice looking at different areas of Child Development. The study will last approximately 11 months. There will be deadlines for completing the various stages of the study and I will have to make a plan to keep within the time scale. At the end of the study there will be an evaluation and conclusion and then the coursework will handed in for marking. The aim of this coursework is to study a child in their early stages of development. I will hope to understand the physical, intellectual, social and emotional development of my study child. I will be observing one child for this study. For physical development I will be observing the child during play and other learning activities and see how he develops throughout the study. I'll be measuring his growth by doing checks on the child's height and weight during the study. Also I will be observing the child's diet as this is important in the child's growth. One of the ways I'll measure the child's growth is to have a height and measuring chart on the wall and four times throughout the study I will take the height and weight measurements and mark them on the chart. The child will also be able to follow their progress which will give him an interest in the process. Intellectual development is about
Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development throughout life stages.
Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development throughout life stages (P1) Life stages Physical development Intellectual development Emotional development Social development Conception is the fertilization of the egg by the sperm and its implantation in the uterine wall Innate reflex, growth. Cellular development Pregnancy is the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus Physical development takes place in the uterus were the embryo develops in to a fetus and the baby grows bigger, developing in growth at the same time as by the end of 8 weeks all major organs have developed but are continuing to grow in size. Birth and infantry Theses stages begin after the mother has given birth and is at stages 0-3 of a Childs life. This is the stage were the process of development of walking begins At birth stage the neonate's movements are random with no co-ordination with primitive reflexes, will use reflexes in a response to a stimulus such as touch and sound. After some months the infant will use voluntary movements. After the first month the child can hold their own head up for a few seconds were as after 10 months can support themselves in standing by balancing on nearby furniture and have developed motor skills such as use of picking up objects from one hand to the other.
Human Growth and Development
Social Science and professional Practice Human Growth and Development. In this assignment I will explore psychological theories and how they assist in social work to better understand and work positively with clients. In accordance with the GSCC codes of practice, (2.3) pseudonym names have been used to protect the identity of the family. Robert describes his upbringing being very happy and largely contributory to him developing into a well-adjusted responsible young man. Howe (1995) believes when viewing parent-child interactions, the quality of this relationship can assist in determining the 'level of social competence and developmental pathway through life. Robert reports he was raised feeling loved, secure and trusting of his mother throughout his childhood. As Robert is hoping to become a relative carer for his siblings Camilla and Daley, it is important to acknowledge the grief they may all experience from being separated from their mother. Separation and loss can be seen in the simplest form of '...young children who are separated from their prime caregiver' (Bowlby 1973, p56). Attachment is not the same as dependency and although the intensity of attachment between parent and child decreases with age, it is still significant throughout the life cycle particularly during times of distress and uncertainty and needs to be acknowledged and supported for Robert to
