GCSE: Classifying Materials
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- Marked by Teachers essays 10
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Identifying an Ionic Compound. Objectives: To learn and test for metal ions and non-metal ions and then apply them to discover the identity of an unknown ionically bonded substance
5 star(s)Ionic compounds are soluble in water. Charges on ionic compounds (dipole-dipole interactions) attract water molecules. Metals form cations, electron loss forms cations. Group 1= 1 electron in the outershell (Li+1) Group II= 2 electrons in the outershell (Be+2) Group III= 3 electrons in the outershell (Al+3) Nonmetals form anions, electron gain forms anions. Group V= 5 electrons in the outershell, so needs to gain 3 electrons. (N-3) Group VI= 6 electrons in the outershell, so needs to gain 2 electrons.
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Chemistry revision notes. Atomic Structure and Bonding, Electrolysis, Acids and Alkalis.
5 star(s)These relations can be summarised as: ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF PROTONS = NUMBER OF ELECTRONS MASS OF ATOM = PROTONS + NEUTRONS Examples: Element Atomic Number Protons Electrons Neutrons Mass Number Na 11 11 11 12 23 C 6 6 6 6 12 U 92 92 92 146 238 Electron Structure The electrons orbit the nucleus in 'shells'. These can hold the following numbers of electrons: The innermost shell can contain up to 2 electrons The next shell can contain up to 8 electrons The next shell can contain up to 8 electrons (although this can be expanded up to 18)
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The Periodic Table - Revision Notes The numbers in italics are the page numbers of where more information can be found in the revision guide.
5 star(s)The atomic weight tells you the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus. Eg 23 Na The atomic number is 11 . The atomic weight (Ar ) is 23. 7 11 Isotopes are two different atoms of the same element that are only different because they have different atomic weights (different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei) Metals and Non-metals 70,71 Most elements are metals . All of the non-metals are in the top right hand corner of the periodic table.
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The History of the Periodic Table
4 star(s)A long time ago, scientists studied the elements Potassium, Sodium and Lithium and found that they all react alike with water, oxygen and chlorine to produce similar compounds. It had been shown that lithium has a lower rate of reaction than sodium, whereas potassium has a higher rate of reaction than sodium. When you link this with their atomic masses, sodium is yet again the middle element! This same pattern is repeated with other groups of threes, for example: Bromine, Iodine and Chlorine, which eventually became known as the Law of Triads.
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Chemistry Revision Notes on atomic structure, nuclear power and the periodic table
4 star(s)Negatively charged electrons orbited the nucleus. Although Lord Rutherford's model of the atom was essentially the same as today's accepted model, its one flaw was that it proposed that the orbiting electrons would eventually lose energy and spiral in towards the nucleus. > 1913: Neils Bohr, a scientist who had studied with Rutherford, modified the model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at different energy levels. Only electrons with specific amounts of energy could exist at each level. His model proposed that electrons could move from one level to another by gaining or losing 'packets' of energy.
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GCSE Chemistry Revision
4 star(s)This is now a formula. Compounds A material that is made of more than one element joined together is called a compound. In a compound, the atoms are not just mixed, they are chemically bonded together. A compound such as water has particles known as molecules. Elements may join to become compounds and compounds can change to become other compounds. These changes that make new substances are called chemical reactions. Word equations: Hydrogen + oxygen water Reactants "give off" or "change into" Product In water, there are two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom.
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The effect of Hydrocholric acid on the Rate of Reaction
3 star(s)In order for any reaction to happen, the particles must first collide. If the concentration is higher, the chances of collision are greater, thus resulting in a greater rate of reaction. Method: First I filled five different test tubes with the five different concentrations of the acid. I measured all of them to 20cm3. Then I collected five different pieces of zinc, and then weighed them on a scale. I recorded these results for later use. I made sure the temperature of the acids was the same using thermometers. I placed each piece of zinc in a different concentration and started the stop watch.
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rates of reaction- hydrochloric acid
3 star(s)If acid does touch skin wash it off (immediately). - Don't run in labs, no food or drink. - No concentration of hydrochloric acid greater than 2 molar, anything larger is dangerous. - Clean up any spillages immediately. Equipment list: - Boiling tube = this is where the chemical reaction takes place. - Trough of water = contains the water and fills the beehive unit. - Beehive unit = this increases the surface so that the bubbles can be collected. - Delivery tube = carries the hydrogen bubbles. - Bung = stops the hydrogen bubbles from escaping into the surrounding environment.
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The differences between the Alkali metals and the Transition metals.
3 star(s)There properties are similar to other metals: there similarities include malleability, ductility, high conductivity of heat and a high conductivity of electricity. The elements act as reducing elements or otherwise "Donors of electrons" meaning they would prefer to give away electrons in the process of electrovalence rather than gain one to become a noble gas the most stable of all elements. What are the differences between the two sets of elements? s The transition metals are like most metals and hence have the same sort of properties.
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In this CDA I will write about how plastic bags are made, why plastic bags are so controversial, the benefits and drawbacks of using them, and I will include an experiment that I carried out at school to determine the strongest plastic bag (out of various
Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic that there is. Three polyethylenes are identified as being used in the manufacture of plastic bags because of their density: - Low-density polyethylene, or LDPE - Linear low-density polyethylene, or LLDPE - High-density polyethylene, or HDPE Branching is replacing the polymer chain with other forms or variations of the monomer. It can change the type of the plastic. For thinner plastics, polymers are branched highly. Also, for a plastic bag that is less see through, it needs to be more branched, but also the easier it is to tear.
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The Periodic Table
4 star(s)How are elements arranged: The Periodic table is a display of all the elements that we know of, it is shaped like a rectangular box. The elements are sorted accordingly depending on their atomic structure, which shows their properties. They are arranged by increasing atomic number, which shows the amount of protons a certain element. Some elements have long names, that is why all elements are given an abbreviation which is shared throughout the scientific world. The atomic number could be found at the bottom left-hand corner of the abbreviation.
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In this essay I will be focussing on two individual scientists and what contribution they made to todays model of the atom, and how having a thorough understanding of the atom has been both an advantage and disadvantage in todays society.
4 star(s)This ray is also known as an 'electron gun'. Thomson constructed his own electron gun and performed experiments on the rays given out of his gun. Through his experiment he found the rays were attracted to a positive charge. Thomson accurately deduced that the rays themselves must be negatively charged because opposites attract and if they were positive then they would repel. He performed additional experiments where he proved that it would take about 2000 electrons to equal the weight of the lightest atom on the periodic table of elements, hydrogen.
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Revision notes on elements, the periodic table and compounds.
4 star(s)& Si (silicon= 25%) Others: - Aluminium (Al) = 7% - Iron (Fe) = 5% - Sodium (Na) = 5% - Calcium (Ca) = 4% - Magnesium (Mg) = 3% - Nickel (Ni) = 3% - Potassium (K) =2% - Many others Carbon occurs in 2 forms: Diamond (jewelery) Graphite (pencil lead) Is an element. Solid at room temperature 3 legged monster Ring shaped Doesn't conduct electricity Conducts electricity Shines bright/white Dull in appearance (black) Very high melting point Low melting point Very hard Smooth & soft Elements have their own properties: a)
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Nanotechnology: Will it save us or destroy us?
4 star(s)According to a few unofficial surveys, of the billions of people living in the world, only an extremely small percentage of people have heard of the concept of nanotechnology. As there are two sides to every story there are also two adverse effects and opinions of any scientific discovery or invention. Firstly, I will begin by saying that I believe that nanotechnology is the way forward but only to a certain limit of development as afterwards, in my opinion, scientists attempt to play the role of 'God' or whatever greater force they believe in.
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My favorite Metal
4 star(s)Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, it is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility.In its early days aluminium was too expensive to be used by everybody. It wasn't until a few discoveries in the 1800s that made extraction of aluminium cheaper. As it became easy to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide and extract large amounts of it from bauxite, hence began an era of cheap aluminium.
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Rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid
4 star(s)The experiment to be conducted will use CaCO3 and HCL to produce => Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide. Hypothesis: I hypothesize that increasing the concentration of an acid increases the number of collisions between particles, therefore, the rate of reaction increases. The increase will be proportional. PLAN- Variables: Dependent- * the Rate at which CO2 is produced Independent- * Concentration of HCL Controlled- * Volume of HCL * Apparatus * Mass of Marble Chips Apparatus: * 1 x Digital Balance * Paper * 5 x 50ml Beakers * 1 x 150 ml Beaker * 1 x Large Plastic Container
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Insulating materials
4 star(s)A poor heat conductor is a good insulator. Conduction works better in solids and gases because the particles are close together. It works better in carpets because carpets contain trapped air because of the feature it contains. Heat energy travels from hotter places to colder places. Heat will transfer between objects that are at the same temperature. Heat travels in solids bye conduction. Metal are good conductors unlike non-metals. Gases are called insulators as they are poor heat conductors. For example bubble wrap is a really good insulator as it contains pockets of air where the heat molecules can get stuck and cannot escape.
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The Sub-atomic particles
4 star(s)(the molecular mass is found by adding together the relative atomic masses of all the atoms of the molecule) MASS NUMBER, A=NUMBER OF PROTONS+NEUTRONS NUMBER OF NEUTRONS=MASS NUMBER-ATOMIC NUMBER Relative Formula Mass, Mr The relative formula mass is the relative mass of one formula unit of an ionic compound relative to the mass of an atom of carbon 12. (One atom of carbon 12 is given a relative atomic mass of exactly 12). Ions These are atoms which have lost or gained electrons, and are no longer neutral.
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Extracting copper from malachite (copper carbonate) by using a redox reaction
4 star(s)This is called a redox reaction. (Science diagrams) Method 1. Put 1.5g of malachite powder into a large test tube and heat it gently until it turns black and stops rising in the test tube. 2. Allow the tube time to cool 3. Add 1.5g of carbon powder and mix well. 4. Heat the mixture strongly until it turns red and you can see some of the pink copper. 5. Let the mixture cool. 6. Separate the copper from the waste by half filling the test tube with water and pouring the mixture into a beaker of cold water.
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Nanochemistry. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of Carbon with a Formula of C60.
3 star(s)Buckminsterfullerene was not discovered because people wanted to discover it: it was discovered purely by chance. Scientists were trying to understand about the absorption of interstellar dust and the theorised that they must have long chains of atoms. Further research with a molecular beam proved their theory right (to some extent), as there were not long chains, just one big ball - hence the nickname "Bucky b***s". The other allotropes of carbon (diamond and graphite are giant molecular structures whilst Buckminsterfullerene is simple molecular.
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Burning of magnesium metal
can be separated using chemical reaction. Most elements are metals reather than non-metals. Iron, magnesium and gold are examples of metal elements. Oxygen, carbon, sulphur and chlorine are examples of non-metal elements. Differences between metal and non-metal's properties- Metals Non-metals Appearance Shiny Dull State at room temperature Solid (except mercury, which is a liquid) About half are solids, about half are gases, and one (bromine) is a liquid Density High (they feel heavy for their size) Low (they feel light for their size) Strength Strong Weak Malleable or brittle Malleable (they bend without breaking)
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Polymerisation and Cracking
This consists of two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms (C2H4). The carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are bonded covalently, so each bond (a line on the diagram) consists of 2 electrons. You can see how the second line shows the two electrons separated, i.e. a bond is broken. Next, neighbouring monomers form covalent bonds, using the electrons from the double bond. Likewise, many monomers join together, forming a long chain of monomers, this is a polymer. The polymer of ethane can be called poly(ethane) or polythene or polyethylene.
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Chemistry Coursework. Aim: To find out if the thickness of plastic bags is directly correlated to the mass they can hold.
Check the strip of plastic bag and loop of string hang over the floor. 8. Then the measurements start to be taken: hang the 100 gram weight stand on to the lower loop of string, this weighs 100g. Then slowly and carefully place one 100g weight at a time on to the weight stand until the plastic bag breaks and falls to the floor. 9. Count how many grams of weight have been added, (including the last weight put on which caused the break.) 10. Repeat this experiment with the two remaining strips of plastic from the same bag.
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Determining unknown solutions. Questions: Are there any silver, strontium, and/or zinc ions in the number 3 unknown solution
On the basis of solubility, we can determine what chemical ions solution has. For example, this #3 unknown solution have silver, strontium or zinc ions. When we put Cl- with Ag+ Pb2+ Ti+ Hg+ and Hg2+ together, they all have very low solubility, and product precipitate. This solution only probably has Ag+ in Ag+ Pb2+ Ti+ Hg+ and Hg2+, so if we put Cl-- into the solution and product precipitate. It means there is Ag+ in this solution. By parity of reasoning, if we put OH- into the solution, and product precipitate. It means there is Zn2+ in the solution; and also if we put SO42- into the solution, and product precipitate.
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Gold. For thousands of years, gold has been regarded as the finest and most precious metal known to man. In this CDA, I will try to find out why gold is so valuable.
This means that it can be used over and over again, and for different purposes, without wearing out or losing colour. Gold only has one stable isotope, which is gold-197 (or ). An isotope is a different type of atoms, where the atomic number (number of protons) is the same, but the number of neutrons is different. Gold doesn't oxidise easily, which means that it doesn't bond with oxygen, as a result of being highly unreactive. It oxidises with nitric acid to Au3+, although to small amounts.
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