SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Engineering Lab Report AIMS 2 OBJECTIVES 2 PART 1: 2 PART 2: 2 EQUIPMENT 2 PROCEDURE 3 PART 1: 3 THEORY 4 FILTERS: 4 Fig 1 Ideal Filter 4 Fig 2 Typical Filter 5 Fig 3 Typical 2-stage Filter 5 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM: 6 FOURIER ANALYSIS: 8 Components of a sine function: 8 RESULTS 9 LOW PASS FILTER 9 Table of Results: 9 Graph of Results: 9 Bode Plot for the Low Pass Filter: 10 HIGH PASS FILTER 10 Table of Results: 10 Graph of Results: 11 Bode Plot for the High Pass Filter: 11 BAND PASS FILTER 12 Table of Results: 12 Graph of Results: 13 Bode Plot for the Band Pass Filter: 13 STOP BAND FILTER 14 Table of Results: 14 Graph of Results: 15 Bode Plot for the Band Stop Filter: 15 2-STAGE LOW PASS FILTER 16 Table of Results: 16 Graph of Results: 16 Bode Plot for the 2-StageLow Pass Filter: 17 RESULTS FOR PART 2 17 SQUARE WAVE: 17 RAMP FUNCTION: 18 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: 20 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: 20 MODULATED SINE WAVE: 21 MODULATED SQUARE WAVE 21 DISCUSSION 22 CONCLUSION 23 APPENDICES 24 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AIMS Through experimentation of signal analysis, an understanding will be gained of a signal's behaviour when passing through filter systems of various orders. This also includes the understanding of the mathematical representation of signals and filter systems in both time and frequency domains with the use of Fourier
What affects the resistance of a wire?
What affects the resistance of a wire? Planning Introduction We are trying to find out what affects the resistance of a wire. Resistance is the slowing down of electric flow (flow of electrons) due to metal ions. The equation to measure resistance is: Resistance = Voltage ÷ Current R = V / I Resistance is measures in 'volts per amps' or, more commonly, 'Ohms' (?). There are a few things that affect resistance. I think these are: * Length of wire * Diameter of wire * Material/type of wire * Temperature I am going to try and find out how the diameter of the wire affects the resistance of the wire. I will do some tests find out how the diameter affects the resistance. I think that if I increase the diameter the resistance will decrease. Method . First I will set up a circuit with a power pack, voltmeter, ammeter and a space for a 1metre wire. 2. Then I will get a metre ruler and measure 1 metre of the first size of wire and cut it with wire cutters. 3. I will stick the wire to the metre ruler with two pieces of sticky tape 2cm away from either end to keep the wire straight. 4. I will then put the wire (attached to the ruler) in the gap in the circuit and attach it to the circuit. 5. After turning the power pack on, I will record the numbers on the voltmeter and ammeter. 6. I will then repeat steps 2 to 5 with 4 other different Standard Wire Gauge sizes of
'Investigate the factors which affect the strength of an electromagnet'
Henal Rajendra Patel CENTRE NUMBER: 14625 CANDIDATE NUMBER: 0127 'Investigate the factors which affect the strength of an electromagnet' An electromagnet can also be called a solenoid. An electromagnet can consist of just one wire, but usually an electromagnet is made up of wire coiled around a soft ferromagnetic core. TASK & AIM: An electromagnet can be used to pick up objects. I will choose a factor which will affect the strength of an electromagnet I have made and investigate how it affects the strength of your electromagnet. THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE STRENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNET: * Amount of Current * Length of the core * Diameter * Thickness of the wire used for the coils * Type of core * Number of turns on the electromagnet I will vary the number of turns on the electromagnet as that is the factor I have chosen to study, and I will keep the other factors constant. I feel that the more turns that I have on the electromagnet the more iron filings will be picked up. I chose to investigate this factor because I thought that this factor would give me the most reliable results. The current I will keep constant at 0.2 amps, the thickness of the wire I have used for the coils will stay the same for both experiments. The coils of wire will be tied round at the same strength for both experiments. Henal Rajendra Patel CENTRE NUMBER: 14625 CANDIDATE NUMBER:
Investigate the resistance of different lengths of wire and to look for a correlation between the length of the wire and it's resistance.
Plan for Science Course Work The Resistance of Lengths of Wire Aim: To investigate the resistance of different lengths of wire and to look for a correlation between the length of the wire and it's resistance. Research: Ohm is the common unit of electrical resistance, equivalent to one volt per ampere and represented by the capital Greek letter omega. The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Resistance also depends on the material of the conductor. The resistance of a conductor, or circuit element, generally increases with increasing temperature. When cooled to extremely low temperatures, some conductors have zero resistance. The Greeks discovered electricity over 2000 years ago, and electrons were discovered by J.J Thompson in 1844. Method: I will test different lengths of wire by inserting it into the circuit shown below and record the readings of the ammeter in a table. I will then calculate the resistance by dividing the potential difference, which is the number of joules transferred per coulomb (measured in volts), by the current, coulombs per second (measured in amps) of the circuit to give me the resistance in ohms. Resistance limits how easily an electric current can flow through a substance. I will be using the same voltage throughout my experiment as the only variable which I
How the length of string affects one oscillation of a pendulum.
Physics Coursework: How the length of string affects one oscillation of a pendulum By Will Rudd How the length of string affects one oscillation of a pendulum Plan: In my investigation I will try to find out what affects the oscillation of a pendulum, I will try to quickly and simply work out what could actually be a variable. I already know that the period (the time taken for the pendulum to swing there and back) is the dependent variable, meaning that it's dependant on the other variables, the only possible variables are: * Weight/mass of the pendulum, * Distance that the pendulum is pulled back and * Length of the string To find out which of these variables could effect the period I carried out a short series of preliminary tests. Weight/Mass: For the weight/mass, the distance pulled back is 30cm and too keep the constant the string must remain the same length, hence the only variable that I changed was the weight by adding 50g, making sure this is a fair test. I allowed the pendulum to oscillate 10 times and then divided the time by 10 to work out the average oscillation time, I repeated each test twice and then worked out the average. These were my results: Mass (in grams) Time taken for ten periods/oscillations (in seconds) Test 1 Test 2 Average 50 4.38 4.37 4.375 00 4.32 4.58 4.450 50 4.06 4.40 4.230 From this test just
Terminal Velocity Investigation.
Terminal Velocity Apparatus: A 100cm ruler A bun case - (to represent the parachute) A clamp and stand A stopwatch Method: The clamp and stand was set up at the edge of the table. The distance from the floor to the top of the table was measured and recorded. The 100cm ruler was then secured to the clamp - so the 0cm mark was touching the top of the table. It was important to make sure that both these factors were measured accurately in order to perform a fair test. It was then possible to identify the distance of the fall. Several heights were determined from 0.40m to 1.60m. A bun case was held at the first height and then released (so it could fall to the floor). The time taken for the bun case to reach the floor was recorded using the stopwatch. This was repeated three times for each height, to make it a fair test, allowing room for human error. It was then possible to work out an average for that particular height ((time 1 + time 2 + time 3) ÷ 3). This process was reiterated for each of the nine heights and a table of results was created. Results: Height (m) Time in secs. (1) Time in secs. (2) Time in secs. (3) Average time 0.40 0.79 0.73 0.82 0.78 0.50 0.87 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.60 0.87 0.99 .07 0.98 0.80 .00 .02 .09 .04 .00 .17 .16 .12 .15 .20 .28 .31 .28 .29 .40 .36 .40 .32 .36 .50 .49 .56 .30 .45 .60 .56
Investigate how the resistance of a wire changes due to different factors experimented on it.
PHYSICS COURSE WORK PLAN Aim Investigate how the resistance of a wire changes due to different factors experimented on it. Factors Factor 1 - The length of the wire may affect the wire's resistance. According to the length of the wire, current, voltage and resistance may change. For example it may occur that the shorter the length of the wire, the higher the voltage and the lower the current meaning that resistance of the wire should increase. Factor 2 - The type of wire may affect the wire's resistance. For example if the wire is copper then it may occur in the experiment that the resistance may decrease due to the fact the current is higher then it would be in a different type of wire. Factor 3 - The thickness of the wire may have an affect on the wire's resistance. It may occur that the resistance decreases because the wire is thin or that when the wire is at its thickest the resistance will be at its highest. Factor 4 - The temperature applied on a wire may have an affect on its resistance. For example it may mean at a higher temperature there might be more voltage applied across the wire meaning there will be more resistance. I have chosen to investigate the length of the wire. Prediction I predict that the longer the length of the wire, the higher its resistance. I predict this because using my preliminary results and 'Ohms Law' we know that as the distance
An Investigation To Find Out What Affects The Stopping Distance Of A Toy Car.
An Investigation To Find Out What Affects The Stopping Distance Of A Toy Car Introduction: We are going to investigate how changing the height of the starting position of the car of the ramp affects the stopping distance of the toy car. Variables: Things we could change to affect the stopping distance - * Gradient of ramp * Speed * Counter forces * Mass of car * Starting position of car on ramp Dependant Variable: We will investigate a change in the starting position of the car on the ramp. Apparatus: * A ramp * A toy car * 3 or 4 metre rulers (depending on the distance the car travels) * Clamp stand (to support the ramp) Fair Test: To make our test fair there are several things that we will have to keep the same: * The same toy car must be used each time * The ramp must stay at the same height * The same ramp must be used * The distance must be measured in the same units (e.g. cm) Diagram: Safety: In an experiment like this there aren't many safety precautions to take as nothing dangerous is being used but the ramps could easily be tripped over and cause injuries - to ensure this doesn't happen people must act sensibly. Method: * Set up the apparatus as it is show in the diagram * Make sure the ramp is marked at every 10cm from the bottom of the ramp * Start the toy car from behind the 10cm mark on the ramp, let it roll down the ramp and
The Resistance of Lengths of Wire.
Plan for Science Course Work The Resistance of Lengths of Wire Aim: To investigate the resistance of different lengths of wire and to look for a correlation between the length of the wire and it's resistance. Research: Ohm is the common unit of electrical resistance, equivalent to one volt per ampere and represented by the capital Greek letter omega. The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Resistance also depends on the material of the conductor. The resistance of a conductor, or circuit element, generally increases with increasing temperature. When cooled to extremely low temperatures, some conductors have zero resistance. The Greeks discovered electricity over 2000 years ago, and electrons were discovered by J.J Thompson in 1844. Method: I will test different lengths of wire by inserting it into the circuit shown below and record the readings of the ammeter in a table. I will then calculate the resistance by dividing the potential difference, which is the number of joules transferred per coulomb (measured in volts), by the current, coulombs per second (measured in amps) of the circuit to give me the resistance in ohms. Resistance limits how easily an electric current can flow through a substance. I will be using the same voltage throughout my experiment as the only variable which I
Investigation: Which Factors affect the Resistance of a Wire
Investigation: Which Factors affect the Resistance of a Wire Aim As part of my Year 11 coursework I am investigating what factors affect the resistance of a wire. For me to do so there will be a number of factors that I will have to investigate. This will include how length, cross sectional area, material, and temperature affect the resistance of a wire. The three wires that I will be investigating will be Copper, Nichrome and Constantan. It my aim, also, to find out which of these wires conduct electrical current the best and which do not. Secondary/Background Info Resistance involving electricity is a part of an electrical circuit that transforms electrical energy into heat energy in varying electric current. Resistance involves charged particles and fixed particles colliding, this makes up the structure of the conductors. It is often thought as "restricted" in household and electrical appliances such as lamps, heaters, and resistors, but it is in such appliances that it succeeds to work, although it is necessary in every part of a circuit, including the wires, which is what I shall be investigating. The standard abbreviation for electrical resistance is R and the symbol for and the symbol for ohms in electric circuits is the Greek letter omega, ?. Resistance is measured in ohms (?); 1 ? means that 1 Volt would be needed across the wire to drive 1 Ampere
