Mesolithic food. The hunting of mammals remains central to the Mesolithic even if they were not the main food supplies some areas. Although they may have required more effort to hunt, animals provide range of nutrients that other food sources do not supp
Meat in the Mesolithic The hunting of mammals remains central to the Mesolithic even if they were not the main food supplies some areas. Although they may have required more effort to hunt, animals provide range of nutrients that other food sources do not supply. Meat in itself supplies a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals and fats, and through its consumption provides a means for energy and strength (www.eatwild.com). The range of mammals available to people during the Mesolithic in Europe varied significantly. Ireland due to its geographical location acted as a barrier to immigration of animals as well as other resources, and as a result of this Ireland had a restricted range of mammals. The number native species does not amount to more than 14 in total and of which four are now extinct, which include wild boar, wild cat, brown bear and wolf. The remainder of the animal types consisted of wild pig, badger, otter, fox, hare, stoat, red squirrel, shrew, wood mouse and pine marten. Also a number of bird types were also available and included wood pigeon, wood cock, grouse, mallard and wigeon (Waddle 2000, 12). The evidence for the exploitation of red deer in Ireland during this period is unclear. It has been suggested that he reasons for this is due to the species not appearing until very late in the Mesolithic or the early part of the Neolithic (Barry 2000, 6).
In what ways was Philip II a new kind of Macedonian King?
In what ways was Philip II a new kind of Macedonian King? In order to see if Philip II of Macedon was a new kind of Macedonian king, one must look at the actions and situations that he was in and make comparisons to his ancestors and predecessors. It could also be considered in what ways that Philip's actions directly influenced those of Alexander the Great (his son). There are strong arguments regarding how Philip was the reason for some of Alexander's successes, of course Alexander would have had his own influence on these events but it was all started due to the new precedent that was his father. It has been said that Philip and Alex were kings who set the standard for expanding the role of the kings to one of protecting Hellenism and the dissemination of Greek culture (Shipley and Parkins, 1998, p.78). One must also consider in what ways was Philip II not a new kind of Macedonian king and so one can consider just what was it that made Macedonian a great superpower in the fourth century BC. Firstly we know that Philip was most definitely seen as a threat from the Athenians and possibly other Greek states as well. Demosthenes made several speeches that have come down to us which regard the power of Philip and the threat to Athens that it is becoming. The Olynthaic's deal with the conquest over Olynthus in Chalcidice and the Philippic's on the general power that Philip had
Drake Marshal and White Racism
Anthony Kennedy 202-580-548 September 17, 2004 Take Home Final Exam I. Does Historical vindication entail some initial provocation? If so what was the specific provocation the case of Drake? Explain. Historical Vindication does entail some provocation, as had been discussed that the steps to vindication were that firstly, vindication is provoked by someone or an institution asserting something to be the case against someone or a community, thereby illicting a response. Secondly, that refutation begins with asserting that if that someone or institution is wrong about a given issue, what else are they wrong about, and thus that their thinking in general must be wrong. Drakes provocation comes in his refutation of the works of Carl Degler, a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian on the faculty at Stanford University, and his Manichean conclusion made in his book Neither Black nor White: Slavery ad Race Relations in Brazil and the United States, along with Kenneth J. Gergen and his article, Daedalus. With the Degler-Gergen Propositions, termed for their report at the Copenhagen conference in September of 1965, Drake argues that "the Degler-Gergen Proposition speculates about human propensities to contrast light and dark, black and white, or the universality of early life experiences that lead to the derogation of 'blackness." (Page 121) The Degler-Gergen theory is that
TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE ADOPTION OF IRON IN GREECE AND THE AEGEAN FOLLOW THE SAME PATH AS IN CYPRUS AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (2)
TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE ADOPTION OF IRON IN GREECE AND THE AEGEAN FOLLOW THE SAME PATH AS IN CYPRUS AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN? AAP325 Iron Age Europe 1000BC-AD500 Demetra Christodoulou - R.N: 110220327 Introduction The theme of this essay is to consider in which degree the introduction of iron in Greece and the Aegean followed the same routes as in Cyprus and the area of East Mediterranean. The use of different materials is closely related to the origin of human civilization. From the beginning of man's existence, he began to use a variety of materials in order to create tools, weapons and other personal items, which were necessary for his survival on earth. The early form of iron appeared during the fifth millennium B.C. It is believed that man discovered it before meteorite falls. Because of the high melting point of the iron (1538 oC), in contrast with the one of copper (1082 oC), the forge of iron presented great difficulties. This is the main reason why the use of forged iron developed very slowly. But, during its forge, steel is produced, which makes weapons and other useful instruments more resistant and strong. There are many textual evidences that refer to the great value and use of iron1. Cyprus and the East Mediterranean From the ancient times, Cyprus were the bone of contention between the powers of Middle East - Phoenicians, Assyrians, Hittites,
A Source Report on Imperial Iconography: Two Coins of Nero
A Source Report on Imperial Iconography: Two Coins of Nero Coin A: Obverse: IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM Reverse: PACE P R VBIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT- S C (Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, Vol I, Augustus to Vitellius, Plate 43.8) Coin B: Obverse: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP P P Reverse: CONG I DAT POP- S C (Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, Vol I, Augustus to Vitellius, Plate 42.1) Translation: Coin A: Obverse: Emperor Nero Augustus Caesar Germanicus Reverse: Peace everywhere to the Roman People, the doors of Janus are closed by decree of the Senate Coin B: Obverse: Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Ponitfex Maximus, Tribunician Powers, Emperor, Father of his Country Reverse: Congiarium given to the people by decree of the Senate (All translations are my own) Throughout history there has always been a need for trade. This has come in ways such as bartering or more commonly as time progressed, through the use of a currency such as coinage to pay for the goods. One potential issue with coinage is that it has in the past been regarded as non-primary evidence. This is particularly true with respects to coins of the Ancient World. However Roman coins, at the very least, can be seen as a 'great and permanent state institution' (Sutherland, 1976, Preface) and as such we should treat coins as very much primary
Goodman Brown's Journey for Initiation.
Goodman Brown's Journey for Initiation Hawthorn's short story " Young Goodman Brown" is available for mythological or archetypal approach. However, only understand what is mythological approach can we apply it to criticizing in practice. Actually, there are various definitions for myth criticism, of which one is well acknowledged that it is " to seek out those mysterious elements that inform certain literary works and that elicit, with almost uncanny force, dramatic and universal human reactions." In other words, myth criticism's primary concern is to find out "archetypes" or "archetypal pattern", initiated by Carl Jung. According to Jung, the word " archetype" was much used in ancient Greek, "arche" meaning "root" and "origin" while "typos" "pattern" or "model". The modern concept of the archetype refers to the recurring literary phenomena such as motifs, themes, and narrative designs. To criticize "Young Goodman Brown" by using "mythological approach, we necessarily turn to Jung's findings in psychology because there is a close tie between the them, both of whom are concerned with the motives that underlie human behavior. One of Jung's major contributions to myth approach is his individuation as shadow, persona, and anima. Individuation is a psychological growing up, the process of discovering those aspects of one's self that make one an individual different from other
What was the role of the Roman Army in Imperial Politics? KB2010
What was the role of the Roman Army in Imperial Politics? The Roman Army undertook major changes after the civil wars in the late Republic which saw the rise Augustus as Emperor. Augustus had set a new precedent; his power had been obtained due to the strength and support of his army. It acted as a strong and 'potent political force' in unstable times and 'was the backbone of military order' which needed to be treated and fed well to maintain their loyalty (Garnsey and Saller, 1987, 16, 89). This led to the Roman Imperial Army having an involvement in imperial politics. The extent of this involvement was both a case of change and continuity. For example the Praetorian Guard took a very active role whilst legionaries did not get too involved. This is partially due to the legions being stationed on the frontiers, where by protecting the throne by protecting those frontiers (Southern and Dixon, 1996, 37) and not in Italy -until the second century A.D. at least (Campbell, B. 2002, 108) - where they would be spending twenty-fire years away from the life and activities in Rome. Even so the legions did 'exercise political power in so far as [Augustus] would fall if they deserted him' (Campbell, B. 2002, 107). The entire nature of the army's role imperial politics is a complex issue which sees the role being both minor and yet in one way, the most important aspect in Imperial
Would Hannibal Barca have benefited from island hopping from Massilia, through Corsica directly to Rome, so that he could evade crossing the Alps? And what effect would this have had on history?
History Research paper by Rik Hoogerduijn Would Hannibal Barca have benefited from island hopping from Massilia, through Corsica directly to Rome, so that he could evade crossing the Alps? And what effect would this have had on history? 3 September 2009 Hannibal Barca has been regarded as a "gifted strategist' by men like Napoleon Bonaparte and the Duke of Wellington."1To be called a gifted strategist by men like Napoleon Bonaparte a person must have undertaken one of the greatest strategic feats in history. Hannibal Barca earned this appreciation by marching his army consisting of infantry and cavalry of racial diversity and 37 war elephants over the Pyrenees and the Alps so that he could launch an attack on the Republic of Rome. But this was at a large cost; Hannibal lost almost half of his infantry, a quarter of his cavalry and almost all his war elephants.2 Hannibal would have benefited from evading the Alps because he would have lost a lot less men, but he would have still gotten his re-enforcements form Hispania and a direct route to Rome. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage as the son of Hamlicar Barca. Hamlicar Barca had lost the first Punic war against Rome, and when he decided to conquer Hispania (Spain) it is said that Hanibal swore to his father that "so soon as age permit... I will use fire and steel to arrest the density of Rome"3 After Hannibal's father was
The aim of this essay is to examine the environment and settlement of some of the regions of Mesolithic Europe that provided hunters and gatherers with many different avenues in which to exploit their means of survival in the areas in which they inhabited
The aim of this essay is to examine the environment and settlement of some of the regions of Mesolithic Europe that provided hunters and gatherers with many different avenues in which to exploit their means of survival in the areas in which they inhabited. The activities they undertook were carried out with great skill and mostly definitely organised with the upmost precision. They would have had an all round knowledge of the surrounding environment, the migratory patterns and movements of animals and other forms of wildlife and also the benefits that came with the changing of the seasons. All these factors would have been used to organise the activities in a manner that would return the greatest amount of productivity, along with the ability to adapt and change the methods they practised when it was needed, whether it to be to deal with new sources or with shortfalls in other means of resources. The positioning of such settlements would have been placed at the right places in the landscape to take full advantage of the resources that these areas provided. The type of settlement used during the Mesolithic is wide-ranging, from possible year round occupation to sites that served a single purpose function. Although the numbers are large and diverse, and cannot be covered in a totally comprehensive manner, by taking several sites, at least some insight into the function of
A251 In no more than 500 words, write a short review of one of the websites that are listed on the course website for use in this TMA
In no more than 500 words, write a short review of one of the websites that are listed on the course website for use in this TMA. http://www.hierakonpolis.org/Default.htm The site is an informative site which mainly encourages support through the "friends of Hierakonpolis". On first glance the site seems simple and easy to use but I did find that at times I got lost exploring the many pages of information. The page that I would have liked to see linked on the right hand side rather than the top is the "explore the web site link" http://www.hierakonpolis.org/site/website_map.html which has links to all the contents, including a list of the excavations of interest. The pages are well laid out and are clear to follow. Each page has relevant images that link to the text although these do not have headings explaining what they are. The website has been produced by Michael Hoffman (1944-1990), Renee Friedman (Curator at the British Museum), and Barbara Adams (1945-2002), the archaeologists from the Hierakonpolis Expedition. There is some confusion over the actual authors of the website and I can only assume it is the Friends of Nekhan at the British Museum and the University of Arkansas, as tehse are on the contact us page. There is also an e-mail address for Rennee Friedman at [email protected] although my e-mails are getting returned undelivered. We can assume that
