The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud
HI530 English Politics 1629-1642: A Highroad to Civil War? The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud Christina Whitehead Contents . Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Laud's ecclesiastical aims 0. Laud's significant relationships 5. Laud's troubles 8. The Diary's fate and Contemporary works 20. Conclusion 21. Bibliography The Importance of the Diary for a Study of Archbishop Laud William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 has traditionally been seen as 'one of the twin pillars of Stuart despotism'1, and the councillor whose influence cost Charles his crown. Though a great deal of contention has surrounded these, and other assumptions about the Archbishop in recent years, the diary, which Laud kept between the years of 1602 and 1643 has not been widely used as a source for his study. It is important to consider Laud not only as primate, but also as an individual in order to obtain the fullest possible understanding of him. As Gaunt has argued that 'Laud is one of those unfortunate historical figures whose biography has been penned largely from the writings of his enemies'2, I feel that an attempt should be made to study Laud solely through his own writings, but in particular his diary, as it was Pynne's falsification of the text after he seized it in 1643 that led to such negative views about the Archbishop, and
Liberal Divisions and the 1870 Education Act
LIBERAL DIVISONS AND THE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ACT, 1870: A LOCAL STUDY. David A. Clarke Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BA History University of Leicester May 1998 INTRODUCTION: THE BACKGROUND TO THE ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ACT, 1870 Since the 1830s, the highly controversial issue of national education had been heatedly debated in the British parliament: In 1833 the first government grant of £20,000 was introduced for the building of schoolhouses in England and Wales; under the Whig administration of Lord Melbourne, the Committee of the Privy Council - the Education Department - was established in 1839 to superintend the use of public funds for the promotion of public education and, at the same time, the first education Inspectors were appointed; and, in 1846, Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth established a pupil-teacher scheme to replace the 'monitorial' system of Bell and Lancaster that dated back to the 1780s, and to improve the quality of school teaching. Later, in 1862, the Revised Code was created in response to the findings of the Newcastle Commission Report (1858-61) on elementary education. Consequentially, the size of the grant - now directly paid to the school managers - was to be determined by satisfactory performance in the 'three R's.' Two-thirds of this grant was calculated upon the basis of performance in tests carried
Anselm of Canterbury, also known as Anselm of Aosta and Anselm of Bec or Saint Anselm, was first a student, then a monk, later prior and finally abbot of the monastery of Bec in Normandy, before being elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093.
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) Anselm of Canterbury, also known as Anselm of Aosta and Anselm of Bec or Saint Anselm, was first a student, then a monk, later prior and finally abbot of the monastery of Bec in Normandy, before being elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093. He remains one of the best-known and most readily engaging philosophers and theologians of medieval Europe. His literary corpus consists of eleven treatises or dialogues, the most important of which are the philosophical works Monologion and Proslogion and the magnificent theological work Cur deus homo (Why God Became a [God-]man). He also left three meditations, nineteen prayers, 374 extant letters including Epistolae de Sacramentis (Letters on the Sacraments) and a collection of philosophical fragments, together with a compilation of his sayings (Dicta Anselmi) by Alexander, a monk of Canterbury, and a compilation of his reflections on virtue, De morum qualitate per exemplorum coaptationem (On Virtues and Vices as Illustrated by a Collage of Examples), possibly also by a monk at Canterbury. At Bec Anselm wrote his first philosophical treatise, the Monologion, a title signifying a soliloquy. This work was followed by the Proslogion, the title meaning an address (of the soul to God). At Bec he also completed the philosophical dialogues De grammatico (On (an) Expert in Grammar), De veritate (On Truth), De
Catastrophic Dimensions
Catastrophic Dimensions Abstract: This essay's intent is to assess the relationship between the anti-Catholic legislation passed by the Irish parliament of 1613-1615 and the emergence of a distinct national identity in early modern Ireland. Key Words: Catholic, Irish, National Identity For almost four centuries, the royal administration in Ireland had distinguished between the Gaelic Irish populations in the hinterlands of Leinster, Munster, Connacht, and Ulster, and the English population in the Pale, that relatively urbanized settlement centered on Dublin, and in the outlying towns and earldoms of Leinster and Munster. The parliament of 1613-1615 gave legal force to a new, equally impermeable cleavage between the two components of the Anglo-Irish(1) colonial community: the Old and New English. The New English were recent Protestant transplants, sent from England by the crown during the sixteenth century to operate the Irish government. The Catholic Old English were natives of Ireland. Descendants of the original twelfth-century Anglo-Norman conquerors, the Old English shared an Anglo-Irish heritage and the common interests shaped by that heritage.(2) By securing the rigorous enforcement of the Oath of Supremacy, the implementation of revenue-generating recusancy fines, the expulsion of all Jesuits and seminary priests from Ireland, and the confiscation of Catholic lands
There is no doctrine in the Christian church more controversial than the doctrine of original sin which has intrigued the scholars of the church for centuries.
There is no doctrine in the Christian church more controversial than the doctrine of original sin which has intrigued the scholars of the church for centuries.1 While we take a look into the writings of the apostolic fathers, we find most of them dealing with the consequence of the fall of Adam. The apologists wrote more elaborately than the apostolic fathers did about the first sin of Adam, correlating it with church sacraments. However, it was not until the period of St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) that the concept of original sin came to be considered as a doctrine. As a result, many contend that Augustine is the innovator of the doctrine of original sin unknown to his predecessors, and reject his thoughts. Conversely, some scholars of the church agree with Augustine's doctrine of original sin, regarding it as a purely biblical teaching. In the exposition of his doctrine, quoting a biblical semblance, the bishop of Hippo made humans responsible for the sin committed by Adam in whom they sinned. He developed a pessimistic view that as a consequence of original sin, the will and reason of human beings were darkened so that humans can no longer do good. Moreover, going to the extreme, he argued that sin is transmitted through the human seed, and is contracted at birth. Hence, according to Augustine, the lot of unbaptized infants is to be condemned eternally in hell. It is the
A study into how much John F. Kennedy was responsible for the failure of the Bay of Pigs and the influence it had on him in future crises.
Introduction John F. Kennedy endured arguably the most highly pressurised start to his Presidency than any preceding President. The expectations Kennedy brought with him into office were ones of hope and prosperity for the American public all wanting to be part of the American Dream. The new decade of the 1960’s offered a great deal to the average American, consumerism was continuously growing, and unemployment was low. However issues such as equality for black American’s would be turned into a civil rights movement that dominated domestic affairs for the entire decade. The immediate concern for President Kennedy when he took office was the suddenly growing Cuba problem, and was seen as the priority over all things for Kennedy. Entering office at a time when the world was waiting to see who would come out on top in the on-going Cold War, Kennedy had to tread a fine line of being strong, but not to robust in his policies so as to antagonise the Soviets to the point of armed conflict. The American publics’ concern over the ‘Red Scare’ that had dominated the 1950’s, continued into the new era under Kennedy, with close neighbour Cuba having a large part to play in ensuring that fear persisted. The threat of a Communist fifth column infiltrating American society on all levels from social to political was now starting to feel very real. This fear was also heightened
The enormous diversity of Hinduism reflects its long history of more than 3000 years and the hundreds of millions of people who follow Hinduism (Colledge, 1999).
Introduction The enormous diversity of Hinduism reflects its long history of more than 3000 years and the hundreds of millions of people who follow Hinduism (Colledge, 1999). There is no single right pattern of being a Hindu, as the religious experiences and the traditions people have received are heterogeneous (Killingley, 2003). Thus, one must be open to the diversity and flexibility of Hinduism, and bare in mind that any general statements about Hinduism are subject to exceptions (Killingley, 2003). Hindus began appearing Britain in significant numbers from 1950s onwards, and a new wave of Hindu immigration came from East Africa due to the 'Africanisation' policies in the 1960s and 1970s (Colledge, 1999). As Hindu communities have established themselves by opening houses of worship within their new host countries, Hinduism has transformed into an international religion with "international notions of space" (Caswell, 1996: 1). The first generation of immigrants had difficulty of coping with English language and customs; where as the British born generations may find it difficult to retain their sense of Hindu identity (Colledge, 1999). This background provides an interesting setting for research and we took the opportunity to study the only Hindu temple in Glasgow: Hindu Mandir, in order to investigate how Hindu identity and Hindu traditions continue in the British
JOHN D. LEE: A SCAPEGOAT? MYTHS AND FALLACIES CONCERNING THE ROLE OF JOHN D. LEE IN THE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE
JOHN D. LEE: A SCAPEGOAT? MYTHS AND FALLACIES CONCERNING THE ROLE OF JOHN D. LEE IN THE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE Keith Paxton History 497 Brother Coates Date due: July 17, 2012 Date turned in: July 17, 2012 Assignment: Final Draft JOHN DOYLE LEE: A SCAPEGOAT? (Outline) . Introduction 2. Thesis: Even though there were other, higher profile, men, such as William H. Dame, Isaac C. Haight and John M. Higbee, who were involved in the Mountain Meadows Massacre, John D. Lee was the only person singled out for participating in a massacre therefore making him a scapegoat—who was used by Brigham to protect the Church. 3. A discussion of Myths and Fallacies . The way I am going to use myth. 2. The term fallacy, how I am going to use it, and what fallacies I am going to use. . How I am going to use the term ‘fallacy” 2. The fallacies that historians use when they write about John D. Lee’s role in the Mountain Meadows Massacre . Mormonism Unveiled and The Mormon Menace (myths and fallacies about John D. Lee’s role in the massacre) . Mormonism Unveiled and the authorship question . The use of Mormonism Unveiled to describe John D. Lee’s role in the Massacre 2. Mormonism Unveiled and the Fallacy of Possible Proof . What the fallacy is 2. Some authors who make the fallacy and why it occurs (hidden motives) . The Mormon Menace and Mormonism Unveiled
Tolkien - The Myth Of Middle-Earth.
The Myth of Middle-Earth Justin Weichel Wesley Hellman Senior Seminar Weichel, pg.1 The Myth Of Middle-Earth It is a world of elves, dwarves, and men. It is a world of supreme evil and ultimate good. It is the world of Middle-Earth. It is a world that began in a children's story, and became something much more. It is the creation of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Tolkien's works introduces the reader into a new world where reality can be suspended for a while, and imagination can run free. It brings the reader into a world where trees can talk, little men known as hobbits become unlikely heroes, and evil comes in many forms. Many interesting characters are met and at times lost. It is a world where good is challenged and at times overwhelmed. In the end, good always triumphs. This paper will show that Tolkien's works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings can be seen as a form of myth, but more importantly a modern Norse myth. First, I will show different interpretations of what makes a myth and then come up with a definition that will be used to show that Tolkien's works fit this definition. I will then show how a couple mythological archetypes fit into both of Tolkien's stories and in Norse myth. Finally, I'll show similarities that the Tolkien's books share with the Norse mythologies. Middle-Earth is the creation of J.R.R. Tolkien. He first introduced the world to
Doctor Faustus.
Context Born in Canterbury in 1564, the same year as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe was an actor, poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain's Queen Elizabeth I (ruled 1558-1603). Marlowe attended Corpus Christi College at Cambridge University and received degrees in 1584 and 1587. Traditionally, the education that he received would have prepared him to become a clergyman, but Marlowe chose not to join the ministry. For a time, Cambridge even wanted to withhold his degree, apparently suspecting him of having converted to Catholicism, a forbidden faith in late-sixteenth-century England, where Protestantism was the state-supported religion. Queen Elizabeth's Privy Council intervened on his behalf, saying that Marlowe had "done her majesty good service" in "matters touching the benefit of the country." This odd sequence of events has led some to theorize that Marlowe worked as a spy for the crown, possibly by infiltrating Catholic communities in France. After leaving Cambridge, Marlowe moved to London, where he became a playwright and led a turbulent, scandal-plagued life. He produced seven plays, all of which were immensely popular. Among the most well known of his plays are Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta, and Doctor Faustus. In his writing, he pioneered the use of blank verse-nonrhyming lines of iambic pentameter-which many of his contemporaries, including
