The relation between age and fertility. Over time women become less fertile so there is a lower chance of conceiving and higher chances of miscarriage, when they give birth they are more likely to experience difficulties and the born child is more likely
Difficulties with later pregnancies Problems with Older pregnancy The increased desires for a fulfilling lifestyle means women are leaving starting a family later and later. Whereas woman would normally have a strong urge to start a family they now want to succeed in a working world and leave having children until they have a secure relationship and financial stability. Higher standards of education in school educates children on better contraception and family planning meaning people don't start families until they feel 'ready'. However the increased risks associated with later pregnancies should be a factor in their decisions. Giving birth at a later stage presents (1) 3 main difficulties. Over time women become less fertile so there is a lower chance of conceiving and higher chances of miscarriage, when they give birth they are more likely to experience difficulties and the born child is more likely to have a Genetic disorder. All these problems mean that older pregnancy carries a much greater risk which should encourage people to give birth at younger ages. The optimum birth age is between 20-34, once you reach 35 the problems will start appearing. Figure 1 shows a steady increase of people aged between 30-34 and 35-39 giving birth, plus people aged 40+ are also slowly increasing in their birth rates. It also shows that people under 29 have been having fewer births. A
If sodomy/homosexuality was 'unmentionable' in the Middle Ages, how can we write its history?
If sodomy/homosexuality was 'unmentionable' in the Middle Ages, how can we write its history? The study of gender, specifically homosexuality, is a relatively new invention. Tied up in the rise of feminism and the documentation of females in history, as a tributary of this, is the study of homosexuality through the ages. This essay is therefore part of an ongoing field of relatively new study. John Boswell, in my opinion clearly describes the difficulty of the study in such an "unexplored" area. Indeed, writers are often forced down "wrong paths" as well as "dead ends". However the comfort lies in the knowledge that we have "opened trails" and "posted landmarks" so others can "reach destinations beyond his furthest advance".1 In order to answer this question, one needs to ascertain, clearly, what this question is demanding. Within this essay I am going to clearly define "homosexuality" and "sodomy" within the boundaries of the Middle Ages. Whether, it was "unmentionable" and to what extent this contributes to our ability to record its history. Of the evidence available to us, we must also deem its effectiveness, in enabling us to accurately access homosexuality in the Middle Ages. In this essay, I am going to argue, that, through the study of primary sources relating to the existence of homosexuality, we can, indeed, write its history. However the evidence available to
T o what extent does the Demographic Transition Model provide a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past? What are the main problems of measuring the chief variables in the model?
T o what extent does the Demographic Transition Model provide a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past? What are the main problems of measuring the chief variables in the model? The demographic transition is a term that describes the complex process of passage from disorder to order and from waste to economy. Demographic growth takes place with varying degrees of intensity within a fairly large strategic place, therefore rates of growth or decline can lead a population to rapid expansion or extinction. During the past two centuries western populations have passed through all phases of the trajectory of the modern demographic cycle. In Europe population has multiplied fourfold, life expectancy has increased from 25-35 to 75-80, the average number of children per woman has declined from 5 to less than two and both fertility and mortality rates have declined from 30-40 per 1000 to approximately 10 per 1000. Thus significantly altering the demographic structure. In this essay I intend to discuss the extent to which the Demographic Transition Model provides a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past. Demographers describe the history of population growth in Western Europe in terms of a process of "demographic transition," a model that charts three aspects of population growth. The model describes how the separate factors that
Response to Pandemic Death: The Black Death in Europe
Response to Pandemic Death: The Black Death in Europe In his what some perceive to be his best known work, The Decameron, Boccaccio writes about his experience as a witness to the infamous 1348 pandemic known as the Black Death. The Decameron is a collection of stories about the Black Death, in one of which he wrote "The healthiest of all humans ate breakfast in the morning with their relatives, companions or friends, and had dinner that evening in another world with their ancestor"(Boccaccio)! This image suggests the rapid and serious nature of the Black Death that killed nearly 25 million people in Europe from 1347-1352(Janis, Rice, Pollard). As would be expected, a pandemic such as this had immense effects on the people of Europe who witnessed it; people reacted in a variety of ways, some rejected religion and lived a more "sensual life," others lived in seclusion, or even resorted to self-inflicted punishment. So how exactly did the Black Death effect the people of Europe? What were their responses to the pandemic? How did these responses effect the social, religious, political and economic structures of medieval Europe? Some, like Zeigler would say that the course of Europe "changed by the coming of the Black Death, which did but accelerate a movement already in being,"(258) suggesting that the Black Death was merely a catalyst for change. Perhaps this is true, but
Social work assessments are an art and a science.
The assessment took place after an initial referral from social services that Mrs P was entitled to day-care at the Apna Ghar daycentre. A NHS single adult overview was provided which I referred to, however the agency has to carry out there own assessment to gain a broader understanding of the services users needs in order to facilitate appropriate care for them. I liased with my line manager and social services for additional information before evaluating it all and arranging a home visit to carry out the contact assessment. Mrs P is a very vulnerable elderly lady with severe physical and emotional needs, which consist of depression, social isolation, communication and poor mobility. Mrs P is also fed through a peg and is on various medications. Mrs P cannot communicate at all due to a major stroke. Mrs P's daughter in law is her main carer however she is no longer able to provide care for Mrs P, as she has five children and is having great difficulty in caring for both an managing the household. Therefore a referral was made to the day centre. Due to Mrs P's communication problems she is unable to communicate her needs, wishes and feelings. Consequently the assessment and care plan were carried out with the family. Assessment is a key element in social work practice and without it practitioners would be left to react to situations and intervene in an unplanned and
Critically assess Rhodes' (1997) argument that 'Policy networks of resource dependent organisations are a characteristic of the British policy process.'
Richard Swann Critically assess Rhodes' (1997) argument that 'Policy networks of resource dependent organisations are a characteristic of the British policy process.' Policy networks first emerged in the early 1980's. The origins of the theory were constructed by Richardson and Jordan however it was the work of Professor Rod Rhodes that moved the theory and our understanding of it on. Rhodes (1997) argument that, "policy networks of resource dependent organisations are a characteristic of the British political system," was one of his core themes in his book Understanding Governance. Despite the fact that Rhodes has written extensively on this area it is still debatable to what extent this statement is true. In an effort to assess Rhodes argument as well as considering the usefulness of the policy network approach I will examine it in the context of a policy area. My chosen case study is the internal market in health focusing on the G.P. fund holding scheme. For the purpose of looking at the relevance of Rhodes argument in the contexts of the policy process in this area I will evaluate policy networks activities from the 1991 Conservative reforms till the present New Labour government. The policy process in Britain in resent years can best be described as complex and hard to define. In British politics policy is not constructed in one single area, the policy process is not
Nick Parks stated that his animated film "Chicken Run" was based on the classic war film "The Great Escape". In what ways are the two films similar?
Nick Parks stated that his animated film "Chicken Run" was based on the classic war film "The Great Escape". In what ways are the two films similar? "The Great Escape" is a war/ action film with spectacular stunts and special effects directed by John Sturges. It stars many famous actors: Steve McQueen, James Garnett and Richard Attenborough. It was made in 1963 and set in the 1940's in a German prisoner of war camp, where 250 men need to escape from to distract the enemy from fight the war. Around 12 RAF officers set out to tunnel their way out. "Chicken Run" (2000) is a children's comedy about chickens needing to escape from Mr. Tweedy's farm or else they will be put into pies. They need to learn how to fly in order to escape the dreaded pie-making machine. Chicken Run was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park who have also co-directed Wallace and Gromit, another children's classic. The film stars Mel Gibson, Tony Haygarth and Miranda Richardson. Both films are very similar on general plot, they are both about "people" trying to escape wrongful imprisonment but keep getting caught whenever they attempt to escape. However, the plots differ extremely when you look at them in more detail. Chicken run is about chickens trying to escape a chicken farm because they would get eaten if they didn't. Great escape is about soldiers trying to escape from a camp because it is their
Concepts of Health, Health Care And Health Promotion.
South Bank University Number: 9905890 May 2000: Group 3 Unit 6 Concepts of Health, Health Care and Health Promotion. Personal Tutor: Alma Ramanuth Word Count: 1,647 ? Concepts of Health, Health Care And Health Promotion. ? Unit 6 CONTENTS TITLE PAGE 2 CONTENTS 3 ASSIGNMENT ESSAY 4 APPENDIX 14 REFERENCE 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 Word count (excluding references and charts) 1,647 "Making the healthy choice the easier choice" (Milio1986 cited in Naidoo J, Wills J. 2000: 84) Health promotion has come a long way since the 'Band of Hope' lectured young people on the "virtue of abstinence ", in the late eighteen hundreds (Naidoo J, Wills J. 2000: 72). The emphasis was on reform or damnation, after nearly a century of telling people what not to do attitudes began changing. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommend "advocacy, enablement, and mediation " as effective methods (Baric L. 1996:129), defining modern health promotion as, "...the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health." (Ewles L, Simnett I. 1999: 23) Nurses are ideal health promoters as they are present at significant moments in their patients' lives (DoH 1999:132); they have long been required to be competent in "advising on the promotion of health and the prevention of illness..." (Statutory
What is the meaning of the term 'measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction' for the purposes of Article 28 EC?
Samantha Nicholson Seminar Leader - Harm Schepel European Law - LW511 What is the meaning of the term 'measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction' for the purposes of Article 28 EC? Article 28, whilst appearing relatively clear on first reading, has proved problematic and therefore produced a string of case law and discussion, which continues on today. The Article states "Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States.".1 This initially seems very clear in its implication. No Member State can restrict the quantity of imports from other member states. It is in the second part, the measures having equivalent effect (MEQR's) that the problems arise. In order to define the term 'measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction' one needs to trace the problems and decisions arising from this issue. This can be discussed in three different sections. Firstly, the definition of an MEQR as it stood in the cases prior to Keck2, and Directive 70/50. Secondly the changes created by the decision in Keck and other cases which followed this judgement. Finally, there are the decisions post Keck, and the fact that they have largely regressed to the decisions taken before this case. MEQR's can essentially be split into two categories; those that directly or indirectly discriminate against imported goods, and
Examine the reasons for the existence and localities of biodiversity hotspots.
Supervision 2: Examine the reasons for the existence and localities of biodiversity hotspots "I have never experienced such intense delight... such a plenitude of forms, colours, behaviours-such a magnitude of Life! What explains the riot?" - Darwin (1851) "The current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of species is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale, and their effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planet's biota." - Novacek & Cleland (2001) Biodiversity may be regarded as 'the number, variety and variability of living organisms' (MacDonald, 2003: 406). Whilst global variation in biological diversity has long been a source of fascination, it has recently been the basis for increasing concern (Tilman, 2000). Awareness of the extent and rate of the current biodiversity crisis (or the 'sixth extinction', as termed by Leakey & Lewin, 1996) has led to a significant re-assessment of the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning and the scope for policy intervention to enable its preservation, exemplified by the international ratification of the Convention on Biodiversity in 1992. The identification and analysis of spatial patterns of biodiversity has been central to conservation goals of maximum preservation at the least cost (Reddy & Davalos, 2003). The hotspots approach is one of many methods for delimiting areas of
