'To what extent does the River Lyn conform to the Bradshaw model of River characteristics?'
Introduction. Aims of investigation + my key questions. The aim of my investigation is to see 'To what extent does the River Lyn conform to the Bradshaw model of River characteristics?' To help me answer this main question I have split it up into key questions. They are: . Does the size and speed of the River increase going downstream? And therefore does the discharge increase as you go downstream? 2. Does the gradient decrease as you go downstream? 3. Does the load particle size decrease as you go downstream? Background information. The River Lyn has two channels which meet about two thirds along the River Lyn, and carry on as one until it reaches the Bristol Channel at Lynmouth. They join at Watersmeet, and from Watersmeet to the mouth the length of the River Lyn is 2.5 miles and drops 110 metres. The gradient can be up to 1 in 63 at some parts of the River Lyn. Canoeing takes place November to February (on a restricted scale), and at other times fishing is allowed. The East and West Lyn rivers once flowed parallel to the coast eroding 660 ft deeply into the plateau, where it entered the sea at Lee Bay. With the breaching of the valley sides the East and West Lyn rivers cascaded to the shore at Lynmouth, and now there is a fossil filled Riverbed high above the active river. On the 15th August 1952 there was a huge flood, there was high rainfall levels and all the
How will the building of the clay bank between Cley-Next-The-Sea and Salthouse affect people and the environment?
Bashori Rahman 0 T Geography Coursework Ms. South How will the building of the clay bank between Cley-Next-The-Sea and Salthouse affect people and the environment? Contents Page Aim + Introduction.......................................................................1 Data Collection : * Beach profiles.............................................................2 * Sediment Analysis * Longshore drift measurements * Wave data observation * Vegetation Survey * Questionnaires............................................................3 Data Refinement : * Beach profiles * Sediment Shape Analysis..........................................4 * Sediment Size Analysis...............................................5 * Field Sketches and Photographs * Wave Data Observations............................................6 * Questionnaire Results.................................................7 * Results of Vegetation Survey * Longshore Drift Measurements...................................9 Data Interpretation : * Beach Profiles * Sediment Analysis * Field Sketches and Photographs * Longshore Drift Measurements..................................10 * Wave Data Observations * Questionnaires * Vegetation Survey......................................................11 Conclusion..................................................................................12
Describe and explain the features and processes associated with sea level change
Describe and explain the features and processes associated with sea level change A2 level essay Water is the most powerful, destructive and creative force in the world in which we live. Over 60% of the total area of the earth in covered by water and as such has the largest effect on the shape of the land and the carving of new features. The changes that come about through the movement and change of state of water are various and encapsulate a multitude of factors. In this essay I am going to focus upon landforms that have been altered or changed through the process of water. In particular costal landforms. Costal landforms can be affected by three factors. Sea level change, land movement and glacial movement. Thee these factors can be indexed into two categories Isostatic and Eusostatic. Eusostatic movements are the global effects such as sea level change and the creation of gondwana and other such global continental movements. Isostatic movements are on a local scale and are land based or to do with ice caps. Although this is a certain crossover point here with global warming and large scale tectonic movements that can affect the world on both a global and local scale and therefore cross the boundaries between Isostatic and eusostatic. I will concentrate on explaining the 8 different land types that have been created. Though isostatic and eusostatic changes. Firstly
"Comparing the mean ratios of shell height/diameter of the Patella spp on an exposed and sheltered shore"
A2 Biology Investigation "Comparing the mean ratios of shell height/diameter of the Patella spp on an exposed and sheltered shore" Rebekah Riley Candidate number: 5037 Centre number: 28384 Background Information Limpets are slow moving molluscs, characteristic of rocky shores and are very well adapted to life on the seashore. They have a hard shell to protect themselves against predators and damage from moving rocks, and a large muscular foot that enables them to clamp firmly onto rocks to conserve water and maintain their position during rough weather. The most common limpet is Patella vulgata. The conical shell of Patella vulgata can be up to 6 cm long with radiating ridges and the apex central or slightly anterior. Orton (1928) has shown that individuals that inhabit the upper shore generally have a taller shell and smaller shell length when compared to juveniles and lower shore organisms. The thickness of shells is believed to be concerned with heat insulation and water conservation. Patella vulgata is found wherever there is a substratum firm enough for its attachment e.g. on rocks, stones and in rock pools, from the upper shore to the sublittoral fringe. It is abundant on all rocky shores of all degrees of wave exposure although the highest densities of Patella vulgata coincide with wave-exposed conditions (Fretter and Graham 1994). The species is not usually
In this assignment I'm going to explain how flooding on the river Lea is a natural phenomenon, which needs to be managed effectively.
FLOODING ON THE RIVER LEA IS A NATURAL PHENOMENON WHICH NEEDS TO BE MANAGED The catchments area of the river Lea covers 1,420 square kilometers of land. It has a length of 85 kilometers (23 miles) which is from the source to the mouth. The source is in the north west of Luton in the Chiltern Hills and the mouth is a meander which leads to the Thames (the Bow Creek). The lower course of the river Lea is tidal because it has waves coming in from the Thames. 10% of the lakes connecting to the river Lea are tidal. The River Lee or River Lea (both spellings are in general use) is a river in England. It originates at Luton in the chalk beds of the northeast Chiltern Hills and flows generally east and then south to London where it joins the River Thames. Once an important commercial waterway, certain sections were canalized as part of the River Lea Navigation. Another artificial channel, the New River was constructed to take clean water to London from the Lee and its catchments areas and bypass the polluting industries that had developed in its downstream reaches. The New River is a man made waterway in England, opened in 1613 to supply London with fresh drinking water. It starts in between Ware and Hertford in Hertfordshire and travels 20 miles down to Stoke Newington. Among the districts it flows through are (from north to south). The River Lea Navigation is a canalized river
Flooding on the river Lea is a natural phenomenon which needs to be managed.
FLOODING ON THE RIVER LEA IS A NATURAL PHENOMENON WHICH NEEDS TO BE MANAGED The catchments area of the river Lea covers 1,420 square kilometers of land. It has a length of 85 kilometers (23 miles) which is from the source to the mouth. The source is in the north west of Luton in the Chiltern Hills and the mouth is a meander which leads to the Thames (the Bow Creek). The lower course of the river Lea is tidal because it has waves coming in from the Thames. 10% of the lakes connecting to the river Lea are tidal. The River Lee or River Lea (both spellings are in general use) is a river in England. It originates at Luton in the chalk beds of the northeast Chiltern Hills and flows generally east and then south to London where it joins the River Thames. Once an important commercial waterway, certain sections were canalized as part of the River Lea Navigation. Another artificial channel, the New River was constructed to take clean water to London from the Lee and its catchments areas and bypass the polluting industries that had developed in its downstream reaches. The New River is a man made waterway in England, opened in 1613 to supply London with fresh drinking water. It starts in between Ware and Hertford in Hertfordshire and travels 20 miles down to Stoke Newington. Among the districts it flows through are (from north to south). The River Lea Navigation is a canalized river
I am going to study the characteristics of rivers and how they change as stream order changes. I will do this in Epping Forest to the North East of London.
I am going to study the characteristics of rivers and how they change as stream order changes. I will do this in Epping Forest to the North East of London. My coursework is concentrated on the tributary of the River Roding called the Loughton Brook. I am interested in studying rivers because I have learnt about them in many of my subjects and I find it very easy to learn the characteristics about them as stream order changes. I visited Epping Forest on the 8th of March 2001. The forest has a length of 13 miles and a width of 3 miles; it is as large as 6000 acres. I was based at Epping Forest Conservation Centre at High Beach (see map). This is situated on the Pebble Gravels (see geological cross-section)-which are above the Bagshot Beds. These two layers are permeable which is why no rivers are found here as the water infiltrates the ground very easily. However, lower down the slopes, the geology changes to London Clay and this is impermeable. All three sites that I studied on were on the London Clay. The hypotheses I came up with for my coursework were: * As stream order, increases channel depth and width will increase: I expect this to occur as there will be a greater volume of water downstream as more tributaries join and also because the amount of erosion especially on the outside bends will increase. * As stream order, increases wetted perimeter will increase: I
Whether human or natural processes affect the coastline in Dawlish
GCSE GEOGRAPHY COURSEWORK By Nick Simm of 11I Dawlish Warren is a small town very near Dawlish. The main aim of my enquiry is to find out whether human or natural processes affect the coastline and in what circumstances, to discover this information I will perform tests in three different locations, known as location A which is the Langstone Rock, location B which is the amusements or café and location C is the spit. I have decided to write a section about sea defences on the Dawlish Warren because I think this is an important factor to consider while global warming is concerned because Increasing sea levels could mean flooding, this means sea defences are required. Here is a table I wrote up so you can see some of the things I will talk about in my Introduction: (fig 1.0) Tourism Wind direction Nature reserve Fetch Golf course Constructive waves SSSI - Site of special scientific interest. Destructive waves Beach/sea defences Erosion processes Transportation Deposition On the next page there is a map of Dawlish Warren so you can get an idea of its surroundings. MAP OF DAWLISH WARREN: (fig 1.1) Below are various sea defences I discovered on the internet and in Geography class. Sea Defences The sea wall The sea wall is usually made out of concrete or stone and reflects waves and withstands a wave breaking on it. Costing £6,000 per metre.
'I think that sedimentary stones will be more affected by weathering than igneous stones.' - discuss
Page 1 H.Crawford 5/7/2007 Introduction Hypothesis: 'I think that sedimentary stones will be more affected by weathering than igneous stones.' Whilst this is what I setting out to explore and hopefully prove, I also hope to prove that the front side of the gravestones will, in general, be less weathered than the backs of the graves. I think this because most people want the front side of their grave to be less weathered and so they design the grave so that the front side will be less affected by weathering (e.g. by facing the grave east, because most of England's weather comes from the West with the North Atlantic Drift.) Pilot Study: There are many reasons for my pilot study, the main one being that I wanted to check that everything worked. This included: - To see if there were enough stones of each type, for without enough stones of each type I would have been forced to change my hypothesis for the sample size would not have been large enough for it to have been conclusive. Fortunately there were enough. - Furthermore to see if there were enough stones from different dates; or, more to the point, to check there were enough stones of the two different types with similar ages; which there were just about, although I did notice that there seemed considerably more sedimentary stones in the 19th Century than in the 20th. I researched this on the web and
GCSE Georgraphy Coursework: Coastlines
Introduction For my GCSE coursework I will be looking at coasts. In order to answer this question I will be looking at why and how sea defences are being used in Norfolk Whilst investigating this question, there are a number of sub-questions which I will need to answer to help me answer my main question. These are: > Why are the sea defences needed? > Which defences are being used and where? > Are they effective? Do they solve the problem? > What are the advantages and disadvantages of the sea defences? > What impacts do they have on the settlements/economy of the area? History of Norfolk Norfolk is one of the biggest counties in England, (in terms of area as it covers a little over 1.3 million acres.) It is situated on the east coast of Britain, with the North Sea to the east and north. Surrounded by three other counties, Suffolk to the south, Cambridge to the south west, and Lincolnshire to the west. The western part of Norfolk is quite flat and the southern part is known as the Norfolk Broads. While the county has no great heights, the city of Norwich and the north of the county are quite hilly. The North Norfolk coastline is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and covers a stretch of approximately 75km. An average of 1m of cliff a year is lost to the sea through erosional processes, resulting in a need to protect the coastline in various
