To what extent do you agree with the statement: Decentralisation has been the dominant force in the UK in the past 50 years? (40 marks)
Sam Larlham World Cities: Decentralisation To what extent do you agree with the statement: ‘Decentralisation has been the dominant force in the UK in the past 50 years’? (40 marks) Decentralisation is the movement of people, money, and businesses out of central areas. This essay will show how the factors of suburbanisation, counter-urbanisation and out of town shopping centres have contributed to decentralisation. However, it will also illustrate how processes such as urban regeneration and city centre renewal have worked against it. Suburbanisation is the movement of people, money, and businesses from central areas to the rural-urban fringe. The process occurs predominantly due to inner-city decline, particularly relating to air pollution and crime. For example, 4300 people die in London every year due to respiratory diseases related to air pollution, and you are twice as likely to be a victim of violent crime there than anywhere else in the UK. This, combined with the Rural Idyll (the perception of a higher quality of life outside central areas; be that in the suburbs or small rural areas) is a major push factor for suburbanisation to areas such as Epsom Downs (on the outskirts of London), which left mostly low-income households in the run down inner city. This push factor led to an 11.9% population increase in Epsom Downs between 2009 and 2011, with
Regenerating Blackpool
Regenerating Blackpool . Why did Blackpool need regenerating? a) Causes of visitor decline in Blackpool = Cheaper package holidays sucked away many families in the 1980s, and big northern cities such as Leeds and Newcastle cornered the ‘weekend-break’ market in the 1990s. Fewer tourists meant fewer jobs. b) Unemployment data – 7% unemployed. c) Given that North is the top and the sea is to the west, describe the location of the most deprived wards in Blackpool. d) Watch the following clip that shows the growth and decline of Blackpool: . What has Blackpool done to
I am researching about four organisations energy policies which are: McDonalds, Tescos, EDF Energy and British Gas.
________________ Energy Policy Research four organisations that uses Energy Policies In this assignment, I am researching about four organisation’s energy policies which are: McDonalds, Tesco’s, EDF Energy and British Gas. I will be researching all four organisations but I will explore McDonalds in more detail depth. I will state each energy policy and criticise as well as justifying them. McDonalds http://ts1.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=1219786911624&id=b3a4f0e66a93a6167c8855f7c046dcd1&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.thedividendpig.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2011%2f03%2fmcdonalds-logo.jpg McDonald’s energy policy sets targets for reducing energy consumption. How the energy savings will be achieved. “We recognise that our energy and water consumption make a significant contribution to our environmental impact. That is why we aim to: Minimise energy consumption in our restaurants. Minimise the amount of water in use in our restaurants and ensure the wastewater leaving our restaurants is of a high quality.” Taken from: http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ourworld/environment/energy.shtml - No Author Accessed on 17/10/2011 This shows that McDonalds have set targets for reducing the energy consumption. Also they believe that customers who come into the restaurant can help reduce the energy consumption by turning the car engine off when idling for long periods in the
Vegetation Succession in sand dunes at Murlough Reserve- AS Geography
Using a case study of a vegetation succession that you have studied, describe and explain the changes that occur from the pioneer species to climatic climax vegetation. My chosen succession is a psammosere (sand dune succession). The sand dune system is located in Murlough Reserve, near Newcastle in County Down. The sand dune system is over 5000 years old, containing part of the remaining 20% of sand dune systems left in Northern Ireland. To begin with, we may start at seral stage one, known more familiarly as the ‘embryo dune’. Here the pioneer species, sea couch grass being a prime example, can withstand harsh environments, although many cannot which is why there is only 4 species at this stage. The salt spray in particular prevents a number of species from growing; it is because these plants are halophytic (salt tolerant) that they are able to survive. In addition to the salt and winds, the organic content is low, at around 0.5%. The ground cover is only 5% and many of the plants grow individually. The PH is around 8, which is slightly alkaline. At seral stage two, there are a number of differences which increase the level of biotic and abiotic components. At this ‘foredune’, Marram grass dominates. The grass thrives on being buried in sand, and its rhizome root networks help stabilise the dune. The pioneer plants increase the organic content in the soil as
Discuss the economic, social and political implications of the dependency ratios in MEDCs and LEDCs
Discuss the economic, social and political implications of the dependency ratios in MEDCs and LEDCs (12) Dependency ratios are useful for governments as it helps them plan for future demands in services. Dependency ratios have numerous implications in both LEDCs and MEDCs; throughout this essay I will discuss each of these implications. My chosen MEDC case study is the UK, and the UK is currently experiencing an aged dependency. At present the life expectancy is around 74 years for men and 80 for women, this aged dependency is due to the dramatic improvements in social and economic conditions in the UK. Health care and education have aided in the increase in life expectancy and in Europe over 40% of the population will be over 60 by 2050. Despite many assuming that an older population will only carry negative issues, there are some noteable examples of the benefits of this aged dependency. First of all, senior citizens will have disposable incomes and many mortgages will be paid off. As the present generation of pensioners enjoy better health, many more will choose to move away to more smaller, quieter areas. The seaside towns of the south coast of England are good examples of this type of development. In these towns many of the younger population will find employment in the provision of services for the elderly residents. It is also claimed that a society with a large
Notes on China's One Child Policy
China’s One Child Policy Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg The Population Problem * Since 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has ruled China. * Between the 1960s-1970s the Chinese leader Mao Zedong encouraged people to have large families. He believed: * More people meant a stronger China * In the event of a war with the USA, more people would ensure victory * However, by the early 1970s it was clear there was not enough food, water jobs or services to cope with rapidly growing population. * Drastic solution to expanding problem needed * 1980 – The first one-child policy was introduced. Pre-China One Child Policy (1970s) * China realises high population growth is unsustainable * “Later, Longer, Fewer” policy * Encouraged parents to delay their first child * Longer interval between births * Encourage parents to have fewer children in general. China Introduces One Child Policy (1978-1983) * ‘One family, one child’ policy http://djcadchina.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/china_one_child.jpg * Limits family to one child * This is due to the government seeing rapid population growth as a barrier to China’s development. China wanted to focus on growth in: * Industry * Agriculture * Defence * Science * Technology Results of China One Child Policy (1984-2013) * Population growth reduced from 2.4% to 1% * Average fertility rate in
An ageing population can bring economic, political and social advantages as well as disadvantages. Discuss this view.
“An ageing population can bring economic, political and social advantages as well as disadvantages.” Discuss this view. An aging population, such as the in U.K can bring economic advantages as well as disadvantages. Firstly, the disadvantages of an aging population is that they rely more on health services with can put pressure on hospitals and GP clinic. This is experienced in the U.K where 48% of people over 70 have a long term illness. Therefore, in the U.K where there is the state NHS, this can cost the tax payer lots of money. Also, another economic disadvantage is that 70% of pensioners depend on the state for at least half their income. Therefore, this means that taxes will have to increase to pay for the pensions for the elderly. Finally, companies such as ‘Quiksilver’ who depend on the youthful market may find it hard to make business where the majority of the population is old. Yet, in contrast they can bring economic benefits. For example there is the ‘grey pound’ where elderly spend on niche markets such as the ‘Stannah Stairlift’, also they can spend their children’s inheritance money into the economy. Finally, they may also help the economy by working in places such as ‘B&Q’ during school and university terms where young workers cannot do so because they are studying. Furthermore, an aging population can bring social benefits. For example,
Comparing China and India Population Control Policies
Anti Natal Policies – China and India China’s One Child Policy a) Why was China’s One Child Policy introduced? The first modern census in China in 1953 showed that the population was at 583 million people. In 50 years time, the population had more than doubled to 1252.8 million people in 1999. The average family had three children, and the population didn’t seem to be slowing. The government was concerned that a rapidly growing population would put pressure on resources, so during the 1970s, tried to encourage family planning and delayed marriage. b) How was the policy implemented? If a couple only have 1 child, they could receive a 5-10% salary bonus, but having 2 would result in a 10% salary reduction. Having only 1 child meant that the family got priority in housing, education and health care. Couples also got higher pensions on retirement for only having one child. However, the penalties for having more than one child were very severe and many have criticized the One Child Policy for its claimed abuses of human rights. There have been many reports of the use of ultrasound foetus sex determination and selective terminations, as boys are still seen to be of more value than girls, especially in rural areas of China. Female infanticide has also been common, as well as child trading and infant abandonment. Many of the family planning providers have been accuses,
Chaiten Volcanic Eruption Case Study
Chaitén Eruption location map for Chaitén volcano Where did it happen? (written description, map of the location) Chaitén is a small volcanic caldera (cauldron-like volcanic feature normally formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption) located in southern Chile. The volcano is 3km in diameter and is located 17km west of the Michinmahuida volcano and 10km northeast of the town on Chaiten, hence the name of the volcano. When did it happen? (date, duration, sequence of events, pace of management and recovery) The largest and most recent eruption was in May 2008, but before this, the volcano consisted mainly of a rhyolitic lava dome which was last active 9400 years ago. On 2nd May 2008, Chaitén began erupting violently, producing many plumes, pyroclastic flows and lahars, and creating a new lava dome on the north side of the old dome. Chaitén continued to erupt from 2nd May to 8th May with nearly continuous ash emission and irregular large explosions. The eruption has had serious consequences for the nearby town of Chaitén due to the effect s of lahars and ash, and the ash from the eruption even disrupted travel and agriculture in surrounding countries. The plume of steam and ash rose up to 16.8km into the atmosphere on the first day, and continued to do this on the 3rd May. The plume on this day rose over the Andes Mountains, drifted over Argentina
Outline and suggest reasons for the issues facing countries at very low levels of economic development
Outline and suggest reasons for the issues facing countries at very low levels of economic-development Countries with low levels of economic development are defined by the United Nations as having three main problems; low income, human resource weakness and economic vulnerability. These come from a multitude of factors varying from the geographical position of a country to the political factors within a country. This makes it very hard to understand or know whether to help them or leave them to develop themselves. However what is clear as that LDC’s do face major challenges. The most serious of risks is the poverty cycle but there are also risks of corruption from any aid given and also the long term economical problems that can be faced if this occurs. There numerous factors to be considered and many different organisations and governments see different routes to the problem. There are some examples of countries that have grown in wealth seemingly on their own with minimal help from developed countries. Overall therefore there is much debate to both the need for countries to help and the affect this has, although there is no debate that countries at low levels of economic growth face great challenges. One of the main suggestions for them needing help would be to encourage and allow them to trade. This is because many developing countries have less capital and skilled
