Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development through the life stages.
Sana Parkar Health & Social Care - Lifeline for Smita P1: describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development through the life stages. Smita's mum and dad - sperm and egg fuse together to form a zygote egg. The zygote divides into a ball of cell, which is called an embryo. Smita's mother is pregnant. The embryo implants into the walls of the womb and develops into a foetus. Smita is born after 40 weeks (9mths) inside her mother's stomach. Infancy 1-2yrs - Smita is growing gradually in infancy. At 1yrs of age and starting babbling noises & words like saying da-da to her dad. At 2 yrs of age she is talking with 2 words like drink please. Toddler 2-4yrs - Smita is more self-control than infancy. Her language also develops. Also, like to play with things like playing with girly toys. Early childhood 5-7yrs - she can speak using full adult grammar. Also developing in her age and growing a bit taller now than she was before. Middle childhood 8-12yrs - growing older, being more independent, making new friends, and learning new skills that she doesn't know. Early adolescence 13-17yrs - physical mature and changing into a older person and also making group and decide things with your friends. Relationships start to begin with friends and boyfriends. Adolescence begins with a growth spurt that heralds the period of sexual maturation we call puberty and
Comparing Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Health
A-Level Psychology Comparing Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Health The biomedical model presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the body's workings. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that if a part of the body goes wrong it should be fixed or replaced, in the same way that a machine would be repaired. It is a reductionist view of illness. This means that it takes the simplest possible cause of the illness and applies the simplest cure. The biomedical model uses single factor causes and doesn't consider all the factors that lead to illness. For example the biomedical model would say smoking is the cause of heart disease, but not all smokers get heart disease so other factors must be involved. This model also suggests that the body is just a shell for the mind or soul. This is called Cartesian dualism. However the biomedical model doesn't distinguish between illness and heath and suggests that if you are not ill you are healthy. This doesn't encourage or promote healthy lifestyles in people. The biopsychosocial model takes a different approach to health and illness. It is not reductionist and attributes ill health to five factors; ecological systems such as the atmosphere, ecosystems and other life forms that we live with, social systems such as our culture and family, psychological systems,
Evaluate the Bio-medical and Socio-medical models of health
D1 Evaluate the Bio-medical and Socio-medical models of health The strengths of the biomedical model are that is looks at the individual's health and illness, while concentrating on the individual and their ill-health. It looks at treating the illness or disease by attempting to use medical knowledge. The theory also suggests that all illnesses and disease can be treated by using medical intervention as the human body is seen as dividable and complex parts which if there is a problem can be amended. For example, if a patient with asthma went to the doctor, the doctor would prescribe medication that will make them better. However, the weaknesses of the bio-medical model are that it fails to include the social and environmental factors associated with ill-health which does not prevent the illness or disease from re-occurring. It also uses medical technology-centered equipment which can be cost-effective. I think that using the bio-medical model for health is useful as it looks at the physical aspects of illness and disease. It is also effective at diagnosing and treating most of the diseases. However for example, if a person had asthma, they would go to the doctor and receive medication for them to treat it. But by looking at the socio-medical model of health is also useful as it looks at the surrounding affects which cause the illness. For example, a person lives in a
Describe two theories of ageing. Disengagement theory and Activity theory
P4: describe two theories of ageing. Disengagement theory - The disengagement theory, planned by Cumming and Henry in 1961, suggests that older people make a positive effort to withdraw from life as a response to their decrease physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills and abilities, diminishing interests and expectations of how they should behave. It suggests that they willingly retire from work; willingly withdraw from relationships and disengage from roles, preferring to follow inactive, solitary activities; and willingly give up their traditional, normal ways of behaving, becoming less and less friendly and companionable and sometimes hostile in their interactions. Cumming (1975) argued that older people would experience a reduction in social contact as they grew older and become increasingly 'individual' (less concerned with the expectations of others). He argued that it was appropriate and healthy for older people to withdraw from others - disengagement was a natural part of ageing. Activity theory - The activity theory, proposed in 1972 by Lemon, Bengtson & Peterson, has a more optimistic view of ageing than the disengagement theory. It suggests that older people age more successfully when they maintain their roles and relationships, keep busy with a full round of daily activities and preserve a positive attitude to life. Further, the more social contacts,
Nazi Euthanasia
Nazi Euthanasia In October of 1939 amid the turmoil of the outbreak of war Hitler ordered widespread "mercy killing" of the sick and disabled. Code named "Aktion T 4," the Nazi euthanasia program to eliminate "life unworthy of life" at first focused on newborns and very young children. Midwives and doctors were required to register children up to age three who showed symptoms of mental retardation, physical deformity, or other symptoms included on a questionnaire from the Reich Health Ministry. Questionnaires were then distributed to mental institutions, hospitals and other institutions caring for the chronically ill. Patients had to be reported if they suffered from schizophrenia, epilepsy, senile disorders, therapy resistant paralysis and syphilitic diseases, retardation, encephalitis, Huntington's chorea and other neurological conditions, also those who had been continuously in institutions for at least 5 years, or were criminally insane, or did not posses German citizenship or were not of German or related blood, including Jews, Negroes, and Gypsies. A total of six killing centers were established including the well known psychiatric clinic at Hadamar. An SS man named Christian Wirth, a notorious brute with the nickname 'the savage Christian', eventually headed the euthanasia program. At Brandenburg, a former prison was converted into a killing center where the
Discussing Infertility.
Infertility Infertility means where a couple are not able to have children for certain reasons, such as the female might not be able to produce eggs or the male might have a low sperm count/weak sperm. Infertility has been around for several years. Infertility is becoming more and more common each year. Different couples have different types of infertility problems. Infertility can occur in both partners or in one. These days there is a range of treatment available for infertile couples. Some of the treatments available are hormonal tablets I.b.s treatment. Sometimes the treatments you have don't always work so you could retake the treatment or take another one. There are also many techniques available and there are loads more on the way. Some couples who can't have babies get emotional, what they don't realise is now there are 13 different ways of having a baby without having sexual intercourse. The person might feel pressure on themselves about not having a baby, when the partners are around other people such as family members of friends that have children they might feel like the odd people out. If infertility is in only one of the partners it could cause tension between both of them, the other might feel like a failure or incomplete like there is something missing from there life. They both might feel like it is a punishment from god. Reasons for infertility could be
During my year 10 communications coursework I have to be aware of a number of health and safety issues.
Health and Safety During my year 10 communications coursework I have to be aware of a number of health and safety issues. Health Repetitive Strain Injury Symptoms of RSI are aches and pains, swelling and difficulty of movement. It is also known as 'Mouse Arm'. RSI affects fingers, wrists arms and necks. To prevent RSI there are a number of things I can do. * I take regular breaks or changes in activity. Short breaks of 5-10 minutes ever hour. * I place the mouse immediately to the side of my keyboard. * I hold the mouse loosely and don't use the mouse continuously for long periods. * I sit in a comfortable position and change every so often. * The keyboard I use is tilted towards me and there is plenty of arm space. Back Problems To prevent myself from getting a back problem I:- * Use a chair that is the right height. * I regularly change my seating position. * I take regularly breaks. Eye Problems Eyestrain is the most common health problem linked to using computer screens for long times. To prevent this the computer screen has to be:- * Non-flicker. * Tilt and swivel. * Allow the brightness and contrast settings to be easily changed. Safety Don't * Electric sockets are not to be overloaded with lots of plugs or long extension leads. * No cables are to be left on the floor or bench. * Food and drink are not to be consumed around a computer in
Smoking during pregnancy.
Smoking during pregnancy When women smoke during pregnancy, the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to all parts of the body is reduced. This affects the flow of blood to the placenta, which feeds the fetus. Mothers who smoke are at risk of suffering a miscarriage. Babies born to women who smoke can be premature and underweight and are more prone to upper repertory tract infections. The risk of cot death to these babies is also increased. Young people and smoking Young people who take up smoking at a very early age run a much greater risk of becoming addicted to the effects of nicotine. They may also find that, they are beginning a lifelong dependency on tobacco. In 1996, there were 1.7 million under age smokers in England. The younger a person starts to smoke, the more cigarettes they will smoke and that increases the risk of ill health and death. Once they start smoking, young people immediately put themselves at risk of suffering minor illnesses, such as coughing and shortness of breath. They are at greater risk from serious diseases such as coronary heart disease, lung cancer and chronic bronchitis in later life. Passive smoking Passive smoking means breathing in other people's cigarette smoke. This may be smoke from burning end of the cigarette (side stream smoke) or smoke inhaled and exhaled by the smoker (mainstream smoke). As this smoke is not being filtered,
Bromoxynil and Trichloroethylene.
Bromoxynil Bromoxynil is a nitrile herbicide that is used for post-emergent control of annual broadleaved weeds. It is especially effective in the control of weeds in cereal, corn, sorghum, onions, flax, mint, turf, and on non-cropland. The compound works by inhibiting photosynthesis in the target plants. The EDF (Environmental Defence Fund) has long worked to end Bromoxynil use. There is evidence that the chemical causes birth defects, and studies suggest that it is also a carcinogen (cancer causing substance). The EDF was particularly concerned that residues of Bromoxynil and its metabolite, DBHA, on genetically altered cotton, could get into cottonseed oil as well as foods such as beef, pork, poultry, and eggs from animals fed cottonseed meal. Bromoxynil in field runoff is highly toxic to fish. It is also highly toxic to pheasants and is moderately toxic to hens, quail, and mallard ducks. Bromoxynil is a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP), and is not registered for homeowner use. RUPs may be purchased and used only by certified applicators. Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene is a colourless liquid, which is used as a solvent for cleaning metal parts. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene may cause nervous system effects, liver and lung damage, abnormal heartbeat, coma, and possibly death. The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has
Nursing Philosophy
I believe that nursing is the art of sharing and caring for all ill people. To provide nursing to somebody is to give wholeheartedly and without a selfish reason. I also believe that it is a call one must initially have to want to help others. I believe that to provide nursing successfully one must possess the gifts of charity, patience, and courage. I believe in myself to practice nursing in the same way I would want somebody to practice it if they were taking care of me. I believe in the holistic part of nursing. I believe that every individual must meet their most special needs as a whole individual. To me it is very important to be give culturally sensitive care. I believe that by accepting and acknowledging diversity nursing becomes stronger. I believe in following ethical and moral principles to foster the health, safety, and the rights of patients and co workers. I believe in providing honest information to the patient and family. I believe in teaching and leadership to promote an optimal level of health maintenance and wellness. I believe in the continuity of education for professional growth, competence, and critical thinking. I believe in therapeutic communication to be the key to open respectful interpersonal relationships. I believe in listening by understanding and allowing patient healing. I believe in the nursing process to meet the patients needs.
