Henry II (1154 - 1189) is generally seen as the main catalyst in the foundation of the common law system, the nucleus from which our present legal system has evolved.
Henry II (1154 - 1189) is generally seen as the main catalyst in the foundation of the common law system, the nucleus from which our present legal system has evolved. 1 Henry II was the eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet Count of Anjou and the Empress Matilda (Maud), the daughter of Henry I.2 He was born at Le Mans in 1133 and grew up during the period of civil war and anarchy caused by the death of Henry I. The majority of the great lords and magnates of England refused to acknowledge Matilda's claim to the throne, instead they supported the counter claim made by Stephen of Blois, crowning him king in 1135. Matilda however never stopped trying to oust him from power and claim what she viewed as her birthright and destiny.3 This attitude undoubtedly influenced Henry, who has been referred to as "the first Angevin King said to possess a maturity beyond his years and obsessed with the restoration of his ancestral rights."4 Henry was not only charismatic, intelligent, educated and imaginative he was also politically very shrewd. He proved this by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 when he was 19 years old. She was several years older than him, divorced from the King of France and Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right. She was the most influential woman of her day and an extremely wealthy heiress. The validity of Henry's claim to the English throne had already been
The First English Civil War
First English Civil War The First English Civil War (1642-1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or "Wars"). "The English Civil War" refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second English Civil War (1648-1649) and the Third English Civil War (1649-1651). Overview "The English Civil War" (1642-51), is a generic name for the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of Charles I's standard at Nottingham on August 22, 1642, and ended at the Battle of Worcester fought on September 3, 1651. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. It is common to classify the English Civil War into three parts: The First English Civil War of 1642-1646 The Second English Civil War of 1648-1649 The Third English Civil War of 1649-1651. During most of this time, the Irish Confederate Wars, another civil war, was raging in Ireland; it started with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and ended with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Its incidents had little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War, but as
Post-Cold War Realities
Post-Cold War Realities INTRODUCTION: THE ANTI-AMERICAN ALLIANCE In June 1995, the Speaker of the Majlis (parliament) told the visiting Deputy Chairman of the Russian Duma, Alexander Vengerovsky, that the two strategic states of Iran and Russia should form an alliance to limit the expansion of U.S. hegemony in the region.[1] This proposal effectively sums up the entire history of the Russian-Islamic Republic ‘strategic partnership’—anti-Americanism. During the final decade of the Cold War, mutual loathing for the United States held together a relationship of slightly less suspicion and disdain for each other. As the protracted conflict between Moscow and Washington began to thaw, so did relations with Tehran. Subsequently, in the face of intruding U.S. presence in the greater Middle East, the benefits of cooperation in the obstruction of Western influence became increasingly evident and useful. Both share an aversion to a unipolar world in which the United States wields unchallenged primacy, controlling the United Nations, dictating supplier unions, and deciding who receives advanced arms, technology, and industry. As a result, they have found common ground to further their own political, economic, and hegemonic aspirations. For Iran, Russia provides distinct opportunities to advance its goals of conventional and nuclear military buildup; extension of
UNIT 5 PAPER 5A: REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY IN BRITAIN, 1830-1931
UNIT 5 PAPER 5A: REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY IN BRITAIN, 1830-1931 : In what ways did the size and composition of the electorate change in the period? What pressures caused changes in the electoral system 1830-1931? 832 Public Pressure (External to Parliament) * Alliance between the middle and working classes; various political clubs/organisations had been formed. * Radical Reform Association (Cobbett and Hunt), Cartwright founded Hampden clubs beginning in 1811 and spreading around the country. By 1817 there were 40 Hampden Clubs in the Lancashire cotton district. * 1830, Thomas Attwood formed the General Political Union (Birmingham Political Union); The National Political Union also founded. Cobbett also founded the Political Register with a circulation of c. 200,000 which provided a link between far flung supporters of reform and a largely London based readership. * There was also the Reformist's Register, the Black Dwarf, The Republican. These publications not only sought political reform but also a free press. * London radicalism, two rival organisations set up 1830-2; National Union of Working Classes (April 1831) led by Lovett and Hetherington agitating for universal male suffrage. National Political Union middle class for householder franchise. * Large public meetings/demonstrations occurred from 1815 onwards with reference to reform; Spa Fields (1816);
Disadvantages of Capitalism.
Disadvantages of Capitalism As discussed in the advantages of Capitalism the consumer has all the power in the economy. However individuals purchasing power is drastically unequal because of the inequality of wealth within the economy. This is due to the fact that some people will always be able to work harder, be more innovative and be more talented than others, and therefore be more profitable and promote themselves higher in the economy whilst others will fail. Because of the inequality of wealth in a truly Capitalist society with no Government welfare great poverty will occur. This will lead to homelessness, slums, disease, etc. Forced migration will also increase these problems in large cities and towns. The people who cannot make any money in the countryside will move to the towns and cities with the belief of finding work and making money. In reality they will just add to the ever growing population of the poor classes. In a Capitalist society the rich get richer and the poor stay poor. In the end this will lead to great unrest and low morale in the society. ESSAY In order to debate between Capitalism and Socialism, it is necessary to understand what the differences, advantages, and disadvantages are of both systems. Basically, Capitalism advocates private property, and that society does better when an individual can purchase and produce as they see fit.
Notes on Cleopatra and her links with Rome
Historical Context Geography, topography and resources of Ptolemaic Egypt and its neighbours Geography and topography Alexander the Great died in 323 BC. The empire he left was too vast and unmanageable for any one person to govern. It was ultimately divided into three areas: Egypt of the Ptolemaic Dynasty; Greece, Macedonia and Asia Minor of the Antigonid Dynasty; and the Eastern lands including Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia of the Seleucid Dynasty. By 303 BC the Ptolemaic Dynasty emerged as the most prosperous and survived for 300 years, often despite its murderous and macabre rulers. Egypt, although surrounded by desert and sea, was a wealthy and prosperous country. The Nile river was its artery and it was worshipped and honoured by its people for the life that it sustained. The Blue Nile and the White Nile joined to form the Nile, the longest river the world. On its course it is bordered by cliffs until it reaches the delta marshlands. It cuts the surrounding deserts into the Eastern Desert extending to the Red Sea, and the Western Desert, reaching to the Libyan frontier. The Eastern Desert, unlike the barren Libyan Desert, contains wadis and a mountain range. A third desert, the Sinai, it open land and is crossed with wadis and hills. The Nile River travels through Upper or Southern Egypt to Lower or Northern Egypt, along the Nile valley, to the Delta and into the
This essay examines the actions of Charles VII in relation to events pertaining to Joan of Arc. Did the personal ambitions of King Charles VII take precedence over the good of France?
Abstract This essay examines the actions of Charles VII in relation to events pertaining to Joan of Arc. Did the personal ambitions of King Charles VII take precedence over the good of France? This paper investigates this question as well as analyzing the role of Charles' advisers in the changing relationship between he and Joan of Arc. By examining translated primary source texts, in conjunction with secondary source material written by respected historians, it is the purpose of this essay to establish Charles' narcissistic ambitions which led him to exploit Joan of Arc in the hopes of extending his influence and legitimacy as the French king. The essay will also investigate theories published by these historians, and the limitations of texts used in this study as proof of errors in both primary documents and important secondary texts exist. The essay concludes that the decisions, largely influenced by advisers indignant about Joan of Arc, were made selfishly as Charles manipulated her image in an attempt to elevate his own status in diplomatic matters. Her victories were used to strengthen his claim and position as King, but once negotiations began with the Duke of Burgundy Joan was no longer needed and viewed upon as a threat; feelings of jealousy felt by Charles and his counsellors partly attributed to their passivity to her capture. Even in death, the Trial
Civil Rights Revision Cards 1945-68
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ BACKGROUND – KEY LAWS TO 1945 . 1866: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishes slavery in the U.S. 2. 1868: The Fourteenth Amendment - guaranteed all citizens equality before the law and declared that federal government could intervene if any states tried to deny this. 3. 1870: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right of male citizens of the United States to vote regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude. However … . Individual states controlled voting, education, transport and law enforcement. Southern States introduced laws that legalised segregation – known as Jim Crow Laws. Examples = laws that separated white from black on trains, buses, restaurants, schools, theatres etc) . By 1890S most blacks in the south were disfranchised through voter registration restrictions – eg - poll taxes, residency and literacy tests. This shut them out of the political process, including service on juries and in local offices. 2. The grandfather clause provided exemption for illiterate whites to voter registration literacy test
While surfing the channels on TV you might hear a lot of news about terror attacks. Only think of the latest tragedy in Moscow when a Chechen terrorist group occupied a theater full with tourists; or just think of bombings in Bali
The War Against Terrorism - thought - provoking questions - - ( Intro.) What does the term 'terrorism' really mean? Who are the so-called terrorists? - What kind of terror attacks do we hear about in the news? Who are the main terror groups? Why do we compare the Arabian world with terrorism as a first association? In which parts of the world do these biggest terror attacks happen? Might it be possible that not all the news about terror attacks reach us? - What is the basis of the antipathy against Israel from the Arabian side? Where does it come from? - What is the basis of the hate that the Arabian world feels towards the USA? - What is the connection between the hate against Israel and the USA? - What are the steps made against Arabian terrorists and the steps to help in solving the argument between Israel and Palestinians? - What are the last years' main happening? What are the terror attacks we have heard about? What kinds of steps were made to stop terrorism? - The big bum: 9/11. What have happened? - Interview with Americans. What did they feel that day? Do they think that America has its faults? What do they think the US should change in her behavior? - Are the Americans right in their acts against terrorists in the Arabian world? Are they doing what they should? - Is there anything that a civil can do against terrorism? - As a summary: terrorism = new
UNIT 6: PAPER 6b: THE SOVIET UNION AFTER LENIN
UNIT 6: PAPER 6b: THE SOVIET UNION AFTER LENIN . Did Stalin preserve or destroy Lenin's legacy? A. Stalin and his struggle for power: the 'left' and 'right' opposition groupings Lenin was virtually incapacitated from 1922 onwards. In 1922 he had dictated his 'Political Testament' in which he discussed the other Bolshevik leaders and their strengths and weaknesses. * Trotsky was guilty of an 'excess of self-confidence'. * Stalin could not be trusted to wield power with 'sufficient caution'. * Kamenev and Zinoviev had opposed revolution in October 1917 because they lacked revolutionary zeal. * Bukharin was regarded as theoretically suspect and thus likely to deviate from the Party line. * In 1923 Lenin added more about Stalin. Stalin was described as 'disloyal, intolerant, discourteous and rude' and called for his dismissal as Party General Secretary. The Bolsheviks were keen not to repeat what they saw as the mistakes of the French Revolution. * The French Revolution had ended up as a military government led by Napoleon. * Trotsky, as leader of the Red Army, was thus regarded with suspicion by most of the other leading Bolsheviks, in case he led a military coup. * An informal group - Stalin, Kamemev and Zinoviev combined to limit the influence of Trotsky. * Trotsky had only joined the Bolsheviks in 1917, having previously been a Menshevik, and was thus viewed with
