Evaluate 2 theories of attachment.
Q) Evaluate 2 theories of attachment. There are two types of attachment theories one is learning theory and the other one is Evolutionary theory. Learning theory suggest that attachment is learned process (nurture ) which is based on the rewards of feeding and comfort giving by their caregiver, it is known as cupboard love theory because it claims that attachment is based on food and comfort . Learning theory is also based on the principles of operant and classical conditioning. The Assumption of learning theory is all behaviour is learned rather than innate and this includes attachment through classical or operant conditioning, babies at birth are like blank slates, focuses on what people do, not what they think and based on consequences – a pleasant outcome (reward ) the behaviour that produced this likely to be repeated i.e. positive reinforcement . A behaviour which stops something unpleasant taking a painkiller is known as negative reinforcement. An example of learning theory is physiologist Ivan Pavlov who experimented on classical conditioning dogs to see if dogs produced saliva (UCR) before they received food (UCS) reflex response. This has shown that unconditioned responses (salivation) are automatically linked to an unconditioned stimulus (food). For this conditioning to occur the feeding was accompanied by a bell being rung and this was repeated a number of
Influence of childhood experiences on adult relationships
Influence of child relationships and interactions with peers on adult relationships A01 Shaver et al claimed that three systems during infancy determine what we experience as romantic relationships as adults. The first system is the internal working model. According to Bowlby, later relationships are likely to be a continuation of early attachment styles (insecure or secure). This internal working model can, in extreme cases, cause them to develop an attachment disorder. Children with attachment disorders may avoid the mutual intimacy of loving family relationships. The causes are unknown but a common occurrence is abuse or neglect during infancy. They have lacked someone to be close with and thus lack comfort and reassurance at times of stress. This causes they child to have a disturbed way in relating to others. This behaviour can spread to peer relations and even romantic relationships in adulthood. Children's friendships can act as training grounds for important adult relationships. Close friendships involve affection, a sense of alliance and intimacy, and having someone to confide in. Childhood friendships share important characteristics in later romantic relationships. A02 Despite the criticism there has been some good evidence for this theory. The relationship between early attachment style and later relationships was demonstrated by Fraley (1998). . He
Describe and evaluate two theories of attachment.
Describe and evaluate two theories of attachment. (12 marks) One key theory of attachment is the evolutionary theory, as proposed by John Bowlby. He argued that infants have a biological need for attachment with their care giver, whom often, is the mother. This closeness is vital for survival, and the relationship is needed in order to help the child develop and reach maturity. The initial three years, known as the critical period is fundamental in order for the child to grow up and sustain mature relationships in later life. He also worked on the idea of monotropy, the main attachment to one specific person, the mother, Bowlby maintained. The child possesses social releasers, such as smiling and crying, which act as signals to encourage the primary care giver to look after them. In return, the mother has maternal instincts, which cause her to strive to care for and protect the baby. The concept of an internal working model is also an important one to the child's development and future as these initial attachments that the baby forms in the critical period form the basis for relationships when the child grows older. This is known as the continuity hypothesis. It will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts and expectations. Bowlby argues that without stable, secure attachments in infanthood, they will be unable to socially and emotionally develop normally. Bowlby focuses on
An investigation into the language acquisition of children
Freyja Davis An Investigation into the Language Acquisition of Children An investigation into the language acquisition of children AHI An investigation in the language acquisition of children Proposal; The investigation I plan to carry out is a study into the language acquisition of children based upon Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence, the theory focuses primarily on a child’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skills and language learning. Piaget claimed that the idea that cognitive development is at the centre of a person and language is contingent on cognitive development. Piaget suggested that children go through four separate stages in a fixed order that is universal in all children, he declared that all these stages differ not only in the quantity of information acquired at each, but also in the quality of knowledge and understanding at that stage. Piaget suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurred when the child reached an appropriate level of maturation and was exposed to relevant types of experiences. Without experience, children were assumed incapable of reaching their highest cognitive ability. The investigation will focus upon the language learning of a child of different ages; . The sensorimotor stage: a
Outline and Evaluate research into the effects of day care on social development
Outline and Evaluate research into the effects of day care on social development There has been a lot of research looking into the effects day care has on a child's social development. A general observation suggests that children attending daycare at nurseries generally have more contact with other children of a similar age than children who are cared for at home, thus providing them with more opportunity to develop social skills such as sharing and talking to others. Children who are home reared may not get these opportunities and therefore will not be as sociable. A lot of research points to day care having positive effects on social development, this is shown by Anderssons (1989,1992) studies in which he found that children who attended daycare were able to get along with other children better, were more sociable and outgoing and had better abilities to play with peers than those who did not attend daycare. Another study which found positive effects on social development was by Moely and Frank (1998) found that children who spend more time in daycare played more pro-socially with others. Both these studies show how regular interaction between familiar people (peers and nursery workers) allow the child to gain social competence and increasing the child's confidence allowing for a more co-operative and happier child. However some research looks at the possible negative
Outline and Evaluate the Psychodynamic Approach to Psychopathology
Outline and Evaluate the Psychodynamic Approach to Psychopathology Freud's approach to psychopathology suggests that our behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives, and rooted in our childhood experiences. Our psyche (mind) is made up of 3 sections. According to the approach, the uncoordinated instinctual trends are the id, which is unconscious. The organised and realistic part of the psyche is the superego which is preconscious, and lastly the ego is the section that tries to resolve conflict between the id and the superego which is in your conscious. Another aspect of the model is that everyone goes through the psychosexual stages of development, which are called the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stages. In the Oral stage, the mouth is the focus where the child who is in between 0-18 months will focus on eating, sucking, drinking etc. The infant is completely dependent on the mother and only the id is in existence at this stage. The Anal stage takes place in the infant between 18 months and 3 years. This stage focuses on potty training, where the child is learning to control their environment and their ego is starting to develop. Thirdly is the Phallic stage, which happens when the child is 4-5 years old. For boys there is the Oedipus complex, where he desires his mother and wants to marry her. However, the child knows that his father
Contrast Principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning
Contrast Principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning. Learning is a very important part of Psychology and it has been defined as 'any relatively permanent change in behaviour, or behaviour potential, produced by experience' (Baron, p.169). Learning is a key process in human behaviour; it can play an important role in most of the activities we do. Even though the effects of learning are extremely diverse, most psychologists believe that learning occurs in several basic forms: conditioning - classical and operant and observational learning. Myers defined conditioning as 'the process of learning associations'. Classical conditioning is where the stimulus serves as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. (Learning to associate two stimuli's together). In classical conditioning we are able to acquire information about the relations between various stimuli and not just simple associations between them. The most famous research for classical conditioning comes from Ivan Pavlov in 1927. During Pavlov's research into salivary secretion in dogs he noticed that when he put food into a dog's mouth it would salivate. He then found that if he worked repeatedly with the same dog it would salivate to stimuli associated with food such as the sight of food, the food dish or the presence of the person who brought the food. Because of what Pavlov found he then chose to
discuss into different types of attachment
Discuss into different types of attachment There are a few different theories on attachments, for example Bowlby's, Schaffer and Emission, Ainsworth and finally Van ljzendoorn and Krunanburg's theories. These theories all have different research methods which ultimately show in different ways that attachments need to be formed with their primary care giver, usually the mother, within a certain sensitive period and if this is either broken or not formed then the child could suffer serious mental health problems. When Bowlby decided to conduct a research into this attachment theory, he observed a number of children that had experienced early separations from their families; and watched how the children behaved; this led him to his first theory, the maternal deprivation hypothesis. From his research he suggested that a young child should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with the child's primary care giver. The result if a child is deprived of this type of relationship then the child may suffer long term emotional maladjustment. Bowlby says that an attachment gives us an internal working model, which is a prototype for future relationships, and when the attachment is broken then the child may not be able to form a proper relationship in the future. He also said that the attachment is needed for the promotion of survival; if the child is cared for by
Describe the Findings and Conclusions of Gibson and Walks Visual Cliff
Outline the Procedure of Gibson and Walk's "Visual Cliff" Gibson and Walk set up an experiment that followed a repeated measures design. They created a contraption to simulate a cliff that could be easily manipulated to investigate different aspects of perception. They suspended a heavy and stable sheet of glass several feet above the floor. On one side of the glass, a checked fabric was attached flush to the underside of the glass, giving that half of the platform the appearance of solidity. On the floor, directly beneath the other side of the glass, the same cloth is placed, creating the illusion that the solid surface drops several feet to the level of the floor below. Gibson and Walk used 36 participants all between the ages of 6 and 14 months, all of whom were able to crawl. The infants were placed, one at a time, in the centre of the glass on a board. Their mothers stood at one side of the platform, and attempted to coax the child towards them. If the child moved off the centre of the platform onto the "deep" side, this would suggest that the infant had no depth perception and if they appeared to prefer the "shallow side", refusing to cross onto the "deep" side, this would suggest that the infant had developed depth perception. Gibson and walk used several controls in order to eliminate any confounding variables or bias. In order to stop any reflections from the
An investigation of self-descriptions based on data collected from two participants of differing age, and how this age gap influences the focus of their self-descriptions based on the findings of Morris Rosenberg (1979)
Andrea K Lait V0049493 ED209 TMA04 An investigation of self-descriptions based on data collected from two participants of differing age, and how this age gap influences the focus of their self-descriptions based on the findings of Morris Rosenberg (1979) Abstract This research paper investigates the self-descriptions of two participants in the light of the findings of Morris Rosenberg (1979). Rosenberg suggested that younger children usually describe themselves in physical conditions, and older children/adults have a tendency to use character and relationship qualities. Two participants were interviewed using a semi-structured style and the information obtained was divided into the four categories suggested by Rosenberg, either physical, character, relationships or inner. The information from the two participants was then contrasted to the findings of Rosenberg. The theory of locus of self-knowledge was also explored, which Rosenberg claimed changed from outer to inner relatedness, the older the individual gets. My findings did not entirely agree with Rosenberg's conclusions that with age there is a move away from physical descriptions, but there did appear a shift from locus of self-knowledge from parents to oneself, as age increased. Andrea K Lait V0049493 ED209 TMA04 Introduction This study explores the self-descriptions of two individuals in the
