Revision notes - origins of life on Earth, chemistry of life
8.4 LIFE ON EARTH 8.4.1 Origin of life 8.4.1.1 Identify the r/ship between the conditions on early Earth and the origin of organic molecules * Early earth contained no ozone layer › large amounts of UV radiation reached the earth * Little free oxygen (anoxic) therefore no ozone layer. * The volcanic emissions filled the atmosphere with methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), H, CO2, CO and small amounts of water vapour. * The violent electrical storms and acidic rain formed the present warm and mineral-rich oceans. * There are only two possible ways organic molecules could have formed either - formed on earth from simpler molecules (Abiogenesis) - arrived from the cosmos (Panspermia) 8.4.1.2 Discuss the implications of the existence of organic molecules in the cosmos for the origin of life on Earth Panspermia * Elements found in space (H, He, C, O, N, P) can combine to form organic molecules. * Some of these compounds including amino acids have been found in meteors that have struck the earth's surface. * Panspermia proposes that living organisms were seeded on earth as passengers on comets and meteors (ie. Life evolved elsewhere and travelled to earth) 8.4.1.3 Describe two scientific theories relating to the evolution of the chemicals of life and discuss their significance in understanding the origin of life Chemosynthesis * Formation of complex organic molecules on
Internal Resistance of a cell
Topic: Internal Resistance of a cell Aim: To measure the internal resistance and emf (the potential differences across a voltage Source when no current is flowing) and to observe the combination of cells Hypothesis: The emf of the old cell is less than the emf of the new cell but the internal resistance of the old cell is much greater than the new cell. Introduction: Resistance in electricity, property of an electric circuit or part of a circuit that transforms electric energy into heat energy in opposing electric current. Resistance involves collisions of the current-carrying charged particles with fixed particles that make up the structure of the conductors. Resistance is often considered as localized in such devices as lamps, heaters, and resistors, in which it predominates, although it is characteristic of every part of a circuit, including connecting wires and electric transmission lines. (Britannica.2006) The dissipation of electric energy in the form of heat, even though small, affects the amount of electromotive force, or driving voltage, required to produce a given current through the circuit. In fact, the electromotive force V (measured in volts) across a circuit divided by the current I (amperes) through that circuit defines quantitatively the amount of electrical resistance R. Precisely, R = V/I. Thus, if a 12-volt battery steadily drives a 2-ampere
Outdoor and Adventurous Activities - risks, percieved and actual
Outdoor and Adventurous Activities Situation 1 . How would the children be feeling as the day progresses? At the beginning of the day my guess would be that the children would be feeling fairly anxious or nervous at the fact at what they were about to experience, but they would find comfort in the fact that their teacher is experienced in hiking and they will also be feeling excited. As the day progresses they will grow in confidence in both their hiking and knowing their surroundings, I think that their anxiety and nervousness will have dissolved and by the end of the day they will have full confidence that they can hike the walk again, knowing they'd be safe. 2. Would their pre-trip preparations have increased or decreased their feelings of fear, danger and apprehension? In my opinion the group's pre-trip preparations could have both increased or decreased their fear or apprehension. It may have increased or decrease it because it gives the group an insight of what they will be taking part in, this could frighten the group and because they don't know exactly what it may be like, they could perceive the risk and danger to be greater than the actual risk. It also could work the other way because when it gives an insight of the hike, they may get more excited and more confident in being able to do the hike which will decrease their perceived risk and will increase their
Investigating Travel & Tourism
Unit 1 - Investigating Travel & Tourism Table of Contents UNIT 1 - INVESTIGATING TRAVEL & TOURISM 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 E1 KEY POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 5 . The changing social economic circumstances 7 2. Technological developments 7 3. Product development and innovation 7 4. Changing consumer needs and expectations and fashions 7 E1 CHANGING SOCIAL ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES 8 . Increase in Leisure Time 8 2. Disposable Income 9 3. Car Ownership 10 E1 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 11 2. Communication and information systems 12 3. Product Development 12 E1 FEATURES OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 14 E1 FEATURES OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 14 The National Tourist Boards (NTB's) 15 The Voluntary Sector 16 New Technologies 16 External Pressures 16 Currency Fluctuation 16 Legislation 17 Climate Change 17 Natural Disasters 17 War, Acts of Terrorism 17 Impact on Host Communities 17 Economic 18 Social 18 Environmental 18 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 20 Business Tourism 22 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 23 Travel and Tourism Revenue 23 Contribution to the Balance of Payments 23 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 25 E3 A FULL EXPLANATION OF THE PRESENT STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 26 . Accommodation and Catering 27 Serviced Accommodation 27 Self Serviced Accommodation
Dulce Et Decorum Est and The Soldier: A comparison
Dulce Et Decorum Est and The Soldier: A comparison It is quite possible that never have two poems offered such contrasting opinions on one subject as Dulce et Decorum Est and The Soldier. And the subject, war, is their only connection. Whether or not it is right to die for your country, both poets are vehement in their convictions. It is through the various facets of poetry writing that the authors show their opinions. This is what I shall explore in this essay: which poem more effectively lays down its author's stance on war. In both poems, use of language is paramount to their effectiveness. However, Dulce Et Decorum Est uses a particularly stylised form of tactile language. Where The Soldier is more reflective, Dulce Et Decorum Est is as graphic as it is bitter. Its vivid images stun the reader with one intense depiction after another: "He plunges at me, guttering, choking". This vivid imagery is reinforced by the poet's almost excessive use of onomatopoeia. This onomatopoeia is in keeping with the dark, bitter tone of the entire poem. Words such as "writhing", "sludge" and "trudge" all convey this sense of resentfulness from the poet. The negative comparisons used in the poem correspond with the tone. Lines such as "knock-kneed, coughing like hags", evoke this bitter tone. Another difference in Dulce Et Decorum Est is that it is a lot more emotive because of
Investigation to determine the Relative atomic mass of Li
Investigation to determine the Relative atomic mass of Li Results and calculations for the first method. Mass of Li used : 0.12g Start volume of Water : 55.5ml Final volume of water : 250.0ml Volume of hydrogen produced : 194.5ml Now based on these results I t is possible to calculate the concentration of the limewater. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen produced: We have 195ml of hydrogen that has been produced. - This is equal to 0.195 dm3 Since 24dm3 is one mole of hydrogen at room temperature. - 0.195 dm3 = 0.008125 mol Calculate the number of moles of Li reacted: Using the equation: 2Li (s) + 2H2O (l) --> H2 (g) + 2LiOH (aq) 2 : 1 One can see the reacting ratio is 2:1, the no. moles of Li will be twice that of H2. - Moles of Li = 2 x 0.008125 mol - Moles of Li = 0.01625 mol Calculate the relative atomic mass of Li: As the mass of Li and No of moles used are know, it is possible to calculate the relative atomic mass of Li. - Mass of Li = 0.12g - No Moles of Li = 0.01625 mol - Relative atomic mass = mass/no moles - 0.12/0.01625 = 7.3846 - Relative atomic mass of Li = 7.38 Results and calculations for the second titration method. 2 3 End Burette vol (ml) 46.70 43.95 43.70 Start Burette vol (ml) 06.50 01.65 01.30 Amount used (ml) 40.20 42.30 42.40 Using the two best titres (within 0.1 ml),
Outline how and why federalism has changed since the 1960s.
Page 1 of 2 Outline how and why federalism has changed since the 1960s. In the 1960s, the government had a creative federalist approach. The aim of Lynden Johnson's Great society programmes was to try to eliminate poverty within the US. This in turn meant large government grants were given to states, which was seen to increase the level of interference from the federal government. Johnson also provided categorical grants instead of block grants, which meant the states had much less control over their spending. He also supplied a lot of federal aid, increasing the dependence of states on the federal government. It wasn't just the executive increasing the role; the judiciary were also pushing the government this way, with cases such as Gideon vs. Wainwright and Miranda vs. Arizona. Since the 1960's the some have stated that New Federalism has been the main objective of the executive and judiciary due to the previous creative federalism. From the 1970s there was an ideological shift, with the rejection of liberal values from the 1960s. President Nixon started the development of the idea that the federal government was too powerful, and that the states needed to have more power of their local rights. He felt that the federal government should be small to promote self reliance and the American idea of 'rugged individualism'. As a reaction to creative federalism and the great
Walker's presentation of Celie and Shug's growing relationship.
Walker's presentation of Celie and Shug's growing relationship Pages 68-70 Alice Walker uses a variety of techniques in 'The Color Purple' to present the growing relationship between Celie and Shug. Using pages 68-70 as a starting point I will be exploring attitudes towards sexuality as well as a number of lexical, grammatical and phonological choices. As soon as Celie encounters Shug Avery, we get the sense that she already has a sub-conscious sexual desire for her. "First time I got the full sight of Shug Avery" she says, "I thought I had turned into a man," and from this description we can see that Shug Avery is a big factor in expanding Celie's mind and feelings towards other desires and ideas. This point in then developed by a subsequent sentence, "I wash her body, it feel like I'm praying." Celie, being a strict believer in God, is obviously moved in new and different ways by the presence of Shug. Celie uses prayer to escape from her life and talk about issues that have, or are currently, troubling her. Thus, the presence of Shug allows Celie to mentally free herself; even though Shug is slightly bitter towards Celie. Later on in the novel Celie discusses her frequent rapes by Alphonso; thus reinforcing the point that Celie is able to discuss private and sensitive issues with Shug only. A close and personal link is created by Celie and Shug's first physical encounter.
Dans un sac de billes, l'auteur raconte sa propre enfance de façon intéressante et captivante, il insiste sur les différentes étapes de leur course incessante vers la liberté et la paix.
- Dans un sac de billes, l'auteur raconte sa propre enfance de façon intéressante et captivante, il insiste sur les différentes étapes de leur course incessante vers la liberté et la paix. Il explique comment ils ont réussi à survivre dans le France occupée. - L'action du livre se passe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en 1941. L'armeé allemande occupe Paris. Pour la famille juive Joffo la situation est devenue très difficile. Finalement, le père décide que Joseph, dix ans et son frère Maurice, douze ans, partiront en zone libre. Dans " Un sac de billes ", Joseph Joffo décrit sa aventure qu'il a vécue avec son frère en fuyant à travers la France pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale. Joseph Joffo et son frère Maurice habite à Paris, une ville sans problèmes apparents. Tout va pour le mieux quand en 1941 Paris est occupé par les ennemis nazis qui obligent tous les juifs à porter l'étoile jaune. Mais le racisme qui en découle ne laisse qu'une seule possibilité aux frères Joffo,deux garçons juifs dont le père exploite un salon de coiffure à Paris : il faut fuir bientôt pour qu'ils ne tombent pas entre les mains de la Gestapo. Maurice,12 ans et Joseph,10 ans, doivent rejoindre leurs frères aînés Henri et Albert qui sont déjà installés à Menton.Les parents suivront plus tard. Les deux gamins ont donc à franchir la ligne de démarcation
Lord of the Flies, on the surface, may resemble any other children adventure story. Beyond its literal sense, however, it actually has a lot more to offer: it is an attempt to unfold the superficiality and fragility of civilization, a pessimistic an
"And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy..." Written in 1954, when the world was trapped in a state of utter confusion and disarray as a result of the aftermath left by World War Two as well as the unpredictable conditions brought by the Cold War, William Golding's "Lord of the Flies" is an allegorical novel that centers on the darkest depths of human souls. "Lord of the Flies", on the surface, may resemble any other children adventure story. Beyond its literal sense, however, it actually has a lot more to offer: it is an attempt to unfold the superficiality and fragility of civilization, a pessimistic and dark commentary on our innate human nature and a downright challenge to the deep-rooted societal belief that children, British children in particular, must be naturally virtuous. Such unprecedented thematic focus, together with the extraordinary degrees of political realism portrayed symbolically in the novel, make "Lord of the Flies" a truly brilliant, remarkable and ground-breaking classic of all time. The novel opens with a group of British schoolboys who find themselves stranded on an unidentified Pacific island after a serious plane crash. With no adult surviving the crash, the boys are left to fend
