Insulating materials
Insulating materials Science coursework Candidate name: Anisah Habib Candidate number: 4042 Introduction: For this piece of science coursework I will be investigating what materials are best as insulators and what ones are worst. The materials I have chosen to use for this experiment are bubble wrap, foil and tissue paper. I will test all these to see which one would be the bet insulator when I pour water in a hot can as the insulator would be wrapped around the can therefore I will check the temperature every so often to find out which is the best insulator. Aim: my aim is to find out if different types of insulating materials can prevent heat loss from a tin can of water. Prediction: I predict that bubble wrap would be the best insulator on the can. Because I think the material will be good at trapping the heat molecules and not letting them escape therefore the can with the bubble wrap material wrapped around it would stay hot. Scientific evidence: A conductor is something that lets energy flow through it. When heat travels through solids it so called conduction some materials are better than others. A poor heat conductor is a good insulator. Conduction works better in solids and gases because the particles are close together. It works better in carpets because carpets contain trapped air because of the feature it contains. Heat energy travels from hotter places to
GCSE Chemistry Revision
Chemistry Atom and Elements Everything around us is a material and everything we use is a material. Materials are made up of elements. An Element is a substance that cannot be split into anything simpler, they are pure substances. All Materials are made up of particles. The particles that make up an element are called atoms. Each element has its own kind of atom, and the atoms in different elements are different. Atoms are the building blocks of materials. In iron are the atoms are the same. This is because iron is an element. Each element has a symbol of one or two letters. The symbol shows one atom of the element and is used in the periodic table. (See back) In some elements, such as oxygen, the atoms pair up. A particle made up of more than one atom is called a molecule. To show a molecule, we write a small number to show how many atoms there are on the bottom right side of the element's symbol. This is now a formula. Compounds A material that is made of more than one element joined together is called a compound. In a compound, the atoms are not just mixed, they are chemically bonded together. A compound such as water has particles known as molecules. Elements may join to become compounds and compounds can change to become other compounds. These changes that make new substances are called chemical reactions. Word equations: Hydrogen + oxygen
Nanotechnology: Will it save us or destroy us?
The topic of this essay is Nanotechnology and this essay will be representing both sides of the controversial matter for whether or not this latest development in technology will lead us to prosperity or devastation, success or downfall. Nanotechnology is an upcoming development in our science departments and is also believed to have the potential to change the world, whether for or for worse is still being disputed. The institute of nanotechnology states that, "It offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy."[1]. However, there are people that simply say, "developing countries aiming to commercially exploit nanotechnology is quite a naive illusion", like Canadian activist Pat Mooney [2]. The conversion of one nanometre is one-millionth of a millimetre. With the Nano scale, objects are so small that we can't see them with the naked eye or even with a microscope. According to a few unofficial surveys, of the billions of people living in the world, only an extremely small percentage of people have heard of the concept of nanotechnology. As there are two sides to every story there are also two adverse effects and opinions of any scientific discovery or invention. Firstly, I will begin by saying that I believe that nanotechnology is the way forward but only to a certain
Atomic structure
There are 112 elements although elements 110-112 are as yet unnamed. These 112 elements are organized in the periodic table: The modern chemical symbols were introduced by Berzelius. Rows of elements are called "periods" and columns of elements are called "groups" (1A, 2A 3B etc.). There are three general classes of elements distinguished by their physical properties: the metals (generally shiny and conduct electricity), the non metals (not shiny, sometimes gasses at STP and poor conductors of electricity) and the metalloids (properties in between those of metals and non metals.). Some groups have special names: Group 1A: Alkali metals Group 2A: Alkali earth metals Groups 3B-2B: Transition metals Group 7A: Halogens Group 8A: Noble gases Many of the heavier elements are unstable - which means that the atoms of those elements break apart very quickly. Elements within a group share similar chemical properties. Other chemical and physical properties of the elements can be deduced from their position in the periodic table. The structure of the periodic table and thus their chemical and physical properties is directly related to their atomic structure. Atomic Weights Most elements can be found on earth (with the exception of those elements that too unstable and thus must be synthesized in the laboratory). Since all elements have isotopes then we must consider how much of
C:Documents and SettingsIbrarMy DocumentsAnalysis of the Element Lithium.doc
Analysis of the Element Lithium Lithium, which is represented by the symbolic notation, Li, is the third element on the periodic table. The mineral Petalite (which contains lithium) was discovered by the Brazilian scientist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva towards the end of the 18th century while visiting Sweden. Johan August Arfvedson discovered lithium in 1817 during an analysis of Petalite ore. Arfvedson subsequently discovered lithium in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite. C.G. Gmelin observed in 1818 that lithium salts colour flames were bright red. Neither Gmelin nor Arfvedson were able to isolate the element itself from lithium salts, for example in attempted reductions by heating the oxide with iron or carbon. W.T. Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy achieved the first isolation of elemental lithium later by the electrolysis of lithium oxide. In 1855, Bunsen and Mattiessen isolated larger quantities of the metal by electrolysis of lithium chloride. In 1923 the first commercial production of lithium metal was achieved by Metallgesellschaft AG in Germany using the electrolysis of a molten mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. Lithium's origin name was founded from the Greek word "lithos" meaning "stone", apparently because it was discovered from a mineral source. William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy first isolated the element through the
Rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid
Rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Aim: To investigate whether the concentration of hydrochloric acid affects the amount of carbon dioxide given off by marble chips while reacting with the acid. This is the word equation for my investigation: Hydrochloric Acid + Calcium Carbonate => Calcium Chloride + Carbon Dioxide + Water Introduction: A collision between particles is needed for a reaction to take place in order to form a product. Some collisions are successful and give a product while others do not because particles do not have enough energy. A theory named 'The Collision Theory' states that when there is a higher concentration, there are more particles therefore there are more collisions resulting in a higher reaction rate. This also applies to my experiment because, as the concentration of the acid increases, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting with more particles on the surface of the marble resulting in a faster reaction and production of carbon dioxide. Therefore when the concentration doubles, the number of particles that are able to collide are also doubled therefore the rate of reaction also doubles until the particles are used up and the reaction slows gradually to a stop. The experiment to be conducted will use CaCO3 and HCL to
The Periodic Table
Introduction: Currently, there are 118 known elements. Of these, only 94 are believed to be occurring naturally on our planet. The remaining elements are either radioactive, fabricated as technology advanced or evolved with other elements as time passed by. A chemical element is defined as being pure material in its simplest form, a substance that cannot be broken down or separated any further. Every element has their unique properties that make up what they are. An element can only contain one type of atom, which is the amount of protons within the nucleus, this will always remain the same for the same type of element. How are elements arranged: The Periodic table is a display of all the elements that we know of, it is shaped like a rectangular box. The elements are sorted accordingly depending on their atomic structure, which shows their properties. They are arranged by increasing atomic number, which shows the amount of protons a certain element. Some elements have long names, that is why all elements are given an abbreviation which is shared throughout the scientific world. The atomic number could be found at the bottom left-hand corner of the abbreviation. The number which is at the top of the abbreviation is the mass number, this number is the sum of the amount of neutrons and protons. (E.g. If we want to find out the number of neutrons only, then we can find that out
In this essay I will be focussing on two individual scientists and what contribution they made to todays model of the atom, and how having a thorough understanding of the atom has been both an advantage and disadvantage in todays society.
THE HISTORY OF THE ATOM Around 400 BC, a Greek philosopher Democritus came up with the idea that all substances consisted of tiny, eventually indestructible, particles called atoms. Over the past hundreds of years, there have been dozens of scientists working towards a better understanding of what we now know today as the atom. In this essay I will be focussing on two individual scientists and what contribution they made to today's model of the atom, and how having a thorough understanding of the atom has been both an advantage and disadvantage in today's society. In 1897 Sir Joseph John (J.J.) Thomson suggested and then proved, the idea of the 'electron'. He did this through numerous experiments studying the electric outlet in a 'high vacuum' cathode-ray tube; (modern versions of a cathode-ray tube include a glowing neon sign or an old fashioned television set). Physicists before found by places wires in both ends of a glass tube, and then pumping out all of the air, an electric charge passes through the tube from the wires and creates a fluorescent glow. This ray is also known as an 'electron gun'. Thomson constructed his own electron gun and performed experiments on the rays given out of his gun. Through his experiment he found the rays were attracted to a positive charge. Thomson accurately deduced that the rays themselves must be negatively charged because opposites
My favorite Metal
My Favourite Metal - Aluminium 13 Al Aluminum 26.9815386 Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Weight: 26.9815386 Melting Point: 933.437 K (660.323°C or 1220.581°F) Boiling Point: 2792 K (2519°C or 4566°F) Density: 2.70 grams per cubic centimeter Phase at Room Temperature: Solid Element Classification: Metal Aluminium is the most common metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%) but it is never found in its pure form. Scientists believe that this metal was known to man as early as 1787. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, it is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility.In its early days aluminium was too expensive to be used by everybody. It wasn't until a few discoveries in the 1800s that made extraction of aluminium cheaper. As it became easy to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide and extract large amounts of it from bauxite, hence began an era of cheap aluminium. The method now used for its commercial production is the electrolysis of alumina. An iron pot, lined with carbon, is charged with cryolite and heated to about 800°C/1,470°F by the electric current. For the electrolysis, a bundle of carbon rods is used as the anode, while the pot itself forms the cathode. The oxygen liberated combines with the carbon of the anode to form
The History of the Periodic Table
History of the Periodic Table During the 1860’s, we knew that about sixty elements existed but the organisation of these elements was yet to occur. A method was needed, so many different scientists significantly contributed, and helped out, so that eventually Dmitri Mendeleev managed to finally construct his table: The Periodic Table. This table is completely based on the properties of matter; the properties of these elements can be described, separated and identified. The arrangement of electrons in atoms has helped to show and explain to us the patterns of behaviour of the elements! There are two types of property of matter: physical properties which describe the material as it is, and chemical properties which show us how an element reacts. The idea to create the periodic table came from the idea that we can easily arrange all the elements in a format which would easily show similarity among groups. A long time ago, scientists studied the elements Potassium, Sodium and Lithium and found that they all react alike with water, oxygen and chlorine to produce similar compounds. It had been shown that lithium has a lower rate of reaction than sodium, whereas potassium has a higher rate of reaction than sodium. When you link this with their atomic masses, sodium is yet again the middle element! This same pattern is repeated with other groups of threes, for example: Bromine,
