Alkanes, Cracking and Alkenes
Alkanes, Cracking and Alkenes Alkanes Saturated Hydrocarbon (A hydrocarbon compound is a compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.) ) Methane - CH4 (Four single bonds between the carbon (C) and the four hydrogen's (H).) 2) Ethane - C2H6 3) Propane - C3H8 4) Butane - C4H10 5) Pentane - C5H12 6) Hexane - C6H14 7) Heptane - C7H16 8) Octane - C8H18 9) Nanane - C9H20 0) Decane - C10H22 Physical Properties C 1 - C 4 As the number of carbon atoms increase Gases the boiling and melting points also increase. C 5 - C 10 Liquid C 11 + Solid Cracking In the process of 'Cracking', heat breaks bonds between carbon atoms into smaller atoms and it is used to maximise a particular fraction in crude oil As petrol is more needed and most valuable, to increase the fraction of petrol, cracking is used. Such as when Decane is cracked. Which gives us Octane (C8H18), which is saturated because it has four single bonds and Ethene (C2H4), which is unsaturated because it has a double bond (C =
homologous series
Homologous Series * Family of organic compounds * All groups of similar compounds. Have the same functional group * Functional groups defines what they are and how they behave in chemical reactions * Called alkanes, alkenes, ketones, esters, alcohols * All members have same functional group but diff numbers of carbon atoms in chain * No. of carbon atoms in a compound is given by 1st part of its name meth 2 eth 3 prop 4 but 5 pent 6 hex 0 dec * Series name is given by 2nd part of name (like surname) * Alkanes are fully saturated and made of carbon and hydrogen. Their names end in ane e.g.
Empirical Formula Determination
Name: Jonathan Tam Class: 12A Chemistry Experiment report Empirical Formula Determination Aim: To find the empirical formula of Copper oxide Equipment: Bunsen burner Boss Heatproof mat Clamp Combustion tube Delivery tube Retort Stand Mineral paper Method: . Put a square of mineral paper in the combustion tube. Weigh the tube. 2. Add a spatula of copper oxide. Reweigh the combustion tube. 3. Setup the apparatus. Hold the tube in a metal clamp. Join the delivery tube to a gas tap. 4. Turn on the gas tap. Let the gas flow for thirty seconds. Light the gas at the small hole at arm's length. Adjust the gas tap to make a small flame. 5. Strongly heat the copper oxide until a reaction takes place. 6. Turn off the Bunsen burner. Let the gas flow through the tube until it has cooled down. 7. Turn the gas off and reweigh. Diagram: Results: Mass of delivery tube: 50.48g Mass of delivery tube and copper oxide: 57.72g Mass of delivery tube and copper 56.26g Mass of copper oxide 7.24g Mass of copper: 5.78g Analysis: Mass of copper metal: 5.78 Mass of oxygen: 7.24 - 5.78 = 1.46g Mole of copper: 5.78 / 64 = 0.0903 Mole of oxygen: 1.46 / 16 = 0.09125 Ratio: Copper : oxygen 0.0903 : 0.09125 1 : 1.0105... 1 : 1.01 Therefore the ratio of copper to oxygen is 1:1. Conclusion: The ratio of copper to oxygen is 1:1. The empirical formula of copper
Metals.In this presentation I will talk about some examples of metals such as copper, aluminium, steel and mercury and I will discuss with you their properties and how it relates to their use.
We use metals in many different ways. Our lives wouldn't be the same without them, especially living in a country as industrial as Britain. In this presentation I will talk about some examples of metals such as copper, aluminium, steel and mercury and I will discuss with you their properties and how it relates to their use. Properties of Metals * Both heat and electricity flow easily through all metals; therefore they are good conductors of heat and electricity and this is one of the common ways of distinguishing between metals and non-metals. If we know that a substance conducts electricity, then we are almost certain that it is a metal. The only non-metal that conducts electricity well is a type of carbon called graphite. * Metals have a high tensile strength. This means that they are very strong and tough. This is due to the strong bond that exist between the metal particles and that is why they make good building material. * Metals are shiny when polished or freshly cut. They give a strong reflection of light from their smooth surface, which makes them look shiny. * Metals are malleable, which means they can be easily shaped. This is because the bonds inside them are strong, which makes them able to withstand stresses and movement. They are tough and don not shatter easily but we can force a metal to bend into a different shape. * Metals are sonorous; they make a
Breaking Investigation
An airbrake is a device using air resistance (air friction) to slow down an object. An airbrake is a very efficient way of braking, which is why it can be found in devices such as trains, lifts, hoists, etc. THE TASK The task is to investigate what effects the degree of braking, how your chosen factor(s) is/are related and why you think it/they effect the braking in this/these way(s). METHOD The air brake was made up using a knitting needle, glass tubing, a cork with slits, and 8 (8cm x 3cm) cardboard blades. As you can see in the diagram below, the knitting needle acts as an axle, which allows the glass tube to move freely. To the glass tube we attached a string which was 185cm long. At the other end of the string we attached a hook which could hold the weights and act as the lever. Finally we attached the air brake to a clamp for support and placed it on a table and made sure the air brake was directly 2 meters above the ground. To make the experiment fair we will always keep the air brake at the same level because if the air brake is at different heights during the experiment, the force of gravity could upset our results by giving us an anomalous result. To make it a fair experiment we will also keep the area of the 8 cardboard blades the same so that when the blades push up against gravity, each trial will be fair. Also to make it a fair experiment we will take
Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells: Case Study
HSC Chemistry Research Assignment Topic: The Production of Materials Lloyd Ruz Cell Type: Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell The structure of the cell The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel cell uses hydrogen as its fuel source. The basic structure of such a fuel cell is outlined below: Figure 8A The chemistry of this cell will be outlined below. The chemistry and function of the cell Two separate half-cell reactions occur to produce a flow of electrons (current): * At the Anode, Hydrogen gas is oxidised, allowing protons (H+) to enter the proton exchange membrane (or polymer electrolyte membrane, coincidentally, both mean the same thing, in this case, and have the same abbreviation: PEM) and electrons (e-) to travel around a circuit to the cathode. Hence the following oxidation reaction takes place: * At the Cathode, protons that have permeated through the membrane and oxygen molecule which has dissolved through the electrode are reduced by electrons that have completed the circuit. Hence, the following reduction reaction takes place: › . . . . . . . . (1,5,6,7,8) These reactions and the flow of electrons are shown in Figure 8A (above) and again below in Figure 9 Figure 9 When the electrolyte is an alkaline (as in a Alkaline fuel cell with an anion exchange membrane), such as in Figure 6A (below), the following half reactions take place: Anode: H2(g) +
Gold. For thousands of years, gold has been regarded as the finest and most precious metal known to man. In this CDA, I will try to find out why gold is so valuable.
GOLD Uttam Sharma Centre-Devised Assessment For thousands of years, gold has been regarded as the finest and most precious metal known to man. In this CDA, I will try to find out why gold is so valuable. Gold INTRODUCTION PROPERTIES Gold is a metal which has had many purposes over the thousands of years. It has been used for jewellery, money, decoration and, more recently, in tooth fillings and electronics. It's a soft, yellow, metal with useful thermal and electrical properties. Unlike other metals like silver and copper, gold does not tarnish over time and use. Tarnish is a dark layer which forms over some metals such as copper, brass and aluminium. It is very dense metal, at 19.32 g/cm3. To give you an idea of just how heavy gold is, think of it this way: the mass of 1 litre of water is 1 kilogram. The mass of 1 litre of gold is 19.32 kilograms. Imagine carrying a 1-litre water bottle that weighs over 3 stone. The colour of gold is also called gold. It has an atomic number of 79, and a relative atomic mass of 196.97. The symbol for gold is Au, which comes from the Latin word for gold, 'aurum'. A gold leaf is gold that has been beaten into very thin sheets. Of all elements, gold is the most malleable and ductile. 1 gram of gold can be beaten down to cover an area of 1 square metre. Malleability is the ability of a material to be flattened down into a thin sheet by
What "Carried the Trick"? Mass exploitation and the decline of thought in Ray Bradbury's 'Fahrenheit 451.'
What "Carried the Trick"? Mass exploitation and the decline of thought in Ray Bradbury's 'Fahrenheit 451.' * There is an interesting dichotomy in Ray Bradbury's 1953 Fahrenheit 451, a noticeable gap between the message that the author and we the readers receive from the novel and the message that the text actually seems to support. While I realize that some see little use for such old-fashioned attention to the text itself, Fahrenheit 451 is such an overtly didactic work that it almost invites such examination. Surely even the staunchest reader-response critic would agree that Bradbury is trying to sell the readers on ideas that he has put into his story. Yet there is a discrepancy between the ideas the author is selling--and readers are buying--and the ideas he has let the whole rest of the text support. I suggest this not necessarily to label it as a weakness but to show that the novel is thereby just a little bit richer and probably truer to life than many have supposed. The discrepancy lies in the book's subtle treatment of the relationship between mass exploitation and the decline of thought. Fire Captain Beatty, the novel's chief book-burner, explains that "technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure carried the trick" of supplanting independent thought with conformity and leading to censorship (58). Clearly Bradbury wants us to notice these three culprits in
Our experiment consisted of two samples of water containing unknown substances, and our objective was to identify the compound present in the substance.
Chemical Detection Uttam Sharma CHEMICAL DETECTION Introduction In this CDA, I will attempt to explain everything about our experiments which we performed in class. We did these experiments in order to identify the substance present Our experiment consisted of two samples of water containing unknown substances, and our objective was to identify the compound present in the substance. Since the substance was dissolved in water, we had to separate the water from the substance, and then execute a series of tests which would eventually help us to determine the substance in the sample. Water Water (H20) is vital for all types of life, animals and plants. A molecule of it is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It has freezing point of 0°C and a boiling point of 100°C at sea level (on top of Mount Everest it boils at just 68?, due to changes in atmospheric pressure). Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface and is colourless and odourless (no smell). It is used every day for drinking, washing up, farming and in many other important places. This is where hard and soft is important. Hard water is water that contains large amounts of minerals. Mostly it comprises of are the cations of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). There are other metals present in hard water such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium comes into the water through in the form of limestone
Titration is used in neutralisation reactions:
ANALYSING Titration is used in neutralisation reactions: However, this method is also used to find the morality of acids and alkaline. In this investigation I have used titration to find out how much acid (HCl) is needed to neutralise the alkali (Lithium hydroxide-LiOH), thereafter using this number to find the relative atomic mass of lithium. The relative atomic mass of a substance varies from substance to substance. This number is used so that the masses of atoms, of elements could be compared. The symbol used is (Ar). A mole is the mass of a substance that has the same number of atoms as there are in 12g of carbon 12. The number of atoms in one mole is known as "Avogadro's constant", and has a value of 6.02 x 10²³mol ¹. Procedure (1): I will assume that (1) mole of gas occupies 24000cm³ at room temperature and pressure. * The number of moles of hydrogen: No. of moles = volume / 24000 = 154 / 24000 = 0.00641667mol = 0.01 mol (2dp) I have used this equation as it indicates that if a gas is kept at equal volumes in the same conditions it contains the same number of molecules. * The number of moles of lithium: The equation above suggests that there is a 2 : 1 ratio. This means that for every (1) mole of hydrogen there are (2) moles of lithium. Therefore the number of moles of lithium needs to be doubled. 2 x 0.00641667 = 0.0128333 mol = 0.01 mol
