Indonesia Regional Autonomy: Field Experiences and Emerging Challenges.
Indonesia Regional Autonomy: Field Experiences and Emerging Challenges ABSTRACT After more than three decades under a centralized national government, Indonesia decided to implement a new policy of regional autonomy that became effective on January 1st, 2001. This paper examines both the preparations for and the initial implementation of autonomy in the regions, as well as some of the challenges which have emerged during implementation. The paper is based on research conducted in fourteen districts across eleven provinces over to the last two years. This presentation has two areas of focus: first, the internal processes used by local governments to manage their new powers and responsibilities; and second, the extent to which the process of creating public policies under regional autonomy for the regions reflects the spirit of transparency, good governance and democracy. Law No. 22, 1999 on Local Government has devolved central government authorities to local governments in all government administrative sectors, except for security and defense, foreign policy, monetary and fiscal matters, justice, and religious affairs. Consequently, local governments have had to reform their internal structures to accommodate the huge increase in responsibility that has been passed on from the central government. A significant part of this process includes placing a large
To what extent, therefore, has current Labour Government Policy successful tackled the issue of Homelessness and Overcrowding?
QUESTION: Statistics show that during the period 1979 to 1995, under the Conservative Government 'Homelessness...almost doubled' (Barr: 1998). Although a direct comparison cannot be made, the exact figures were reported at 55,530 (1979) and 121,280 (1995).1 To what extent, therefore, has current Labour Government Policy successful tackled the issue of Homelessness and Overcrowding? ABSTRACT: This assignment focuses on analysing current Government Policy with regard to the following specific aims: * 'Achieving a decent home for every family at a price within their means' * The provision of 'a degree of priority in access for people in housing need who in the past have found themselves at the end of the queue.' Recent release of statistics published by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM), indicate that for the third quarter of 2003 Local Authorities accepted 36,260 households as 'unintentionally homeless' and 'in priority need,' representing an 8% increase from the previous year. Furthermore approximately 10% were perceived as repeat homelessness cases. Such figures demonstrate the underlying trend of rising homelessness within the UK, which is expected to accelerate well into the future. The existence of such an issue demonstrates both economic inefficiencies, in terms of the size and quantity of housing stock, and in addition equity concerns over equality of
Alliance system prior to World War 1
ALLIANCE POLITICS Introduction The period prior to the World War I was one of the most tenuous periods of international relations, starting from the unification of Germany to the outbreak of World War I. The period saw some of the most prolific exercises of Realpolitik, in which alliances were made and broken almost overnight. The alliances forged were security guarantors, but, they were also offensive and aggressive in nature. In the truest sense of the Clausewitzian dictum 'War is the extension of policy by other means', the political elite and the statesmen of the Iberian Peninsula were flexing their political muscle in preparation for a war. This period is also important from an analytical point of view because this period represented the last multi polar state system, in which the five most powerful states in the world at the time vied for strategic control, through alliances and counter alliances. Bismarck likened the setup to a chess board with five pieces on it: nobody wanted to be on the side which had two against three. Thus, this period also shows how alliances were formed, managed and how they fared in a multiple state system, which is starkly different from the bipolar and uni-polar state systems. The scope of this paper would be as follows: . Theoretical Framework of Alliance Politics in a multipolar state system. 2. The Alliances in Europe prior to World
Is the increased use of electronically monitored home detention (EMHD) as recently confirmed in the CJA 2003 justifiable from a legal-psychological perspective? EMHD is said to be more humane, rehabilitative and especially less costly, than impriso
Is the increased use of electronically monitored home detention (EMHD) as recently confirmed in the CJA 2003 justifiable from a legal-psychological perspective? I. Introduction The major shift from corporal to carceral punishment in the late 18th century made prison the means to discipline and punish (Foucault, 1979). This development was based mainly on the discovery that 'it was more efficient and profitable in terms of economy of power to place people under surveillance than to subject them to some exemplary penalty" (Foucault, 1980:38). Since then, questions of effectiveness have had a large influence on penalty measures. Nevertheless, until recently, imprisonment had been corporal, holding 'the prisoner fast within the prison walls and directing its excruciating impressions against his body and soul' (von Hentig, 1937:206). However, technological advances in our 'culture of control' (Garland, 2001) have led to shift towards the 'Benthamesque industrial-age prison' (Cavadino & Dignan, 2002:69), providing constant surveillance through transparent rooms. In 1964, Harvard psychologist Dr. Ralph Schwitzgebel developed a one-kilogram Radio telemetry device, wearable by a person (Renzema, 1992). Schwitzgebel (1969; 1971) saw potential of his 'electronic rehabilitation system" in reducing offences, facilitating therapy and providing humanitarian advantages. Specific deterrence
Fiscalizacin y gobernabilidad
Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Escuela de Administración Pública Curso de Administración Pública y Gobernabilidad Profesora: Carmen Coto Tema: Gobernabilidad y Fiscalización Externa Integrantes: Geraldin Castaing...........................................A41225 Susana Goñi.........................................................A22193 Sindy López.........................................................A43033 Juan Esteban Varela......................................A55876 7 junio 2008 INDICE Indice 2 Introducción 3 Reseña Histórica del Control en Costa Rica 5 Los comienzos de la Contraloría General de la República 6 Contralores y Subcontralores Generales 7 La Contraloría de hoy 9 Marco Legal 13 Ámbito de competencia 14 Funciones 14 Procedimientos establecidos para el control 19 División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa 24 Comparación teórico - práctico 27 Logros de la Contraloría en materia de fiscalización 32 La Contraloría en su labor asistente de la Asamblea Legislativa 32 Fiscalización posterior 34 Relación de la fiscalización externa y la gobernabilidad en Costa Rica 41 Conclusiones 43 INTRODUCCIÓN La fiscalización o función fiscalizadora se refiere al sometimiento de la actividad económico-financiera del sector público a los principios de legalidad, eficiencia y
To what extent can the globalised economy explain key developments in the motor industry?
To what extent can the globalised economy explain key developments in the motor industry? The case of China Introduction The influence of globalization on the international automotive industry has been so colossus that firms are constantly adapting and responding to the changes and requirements, in order for them to compete in the global economy. Globalization is truly leading the revolution of evolution and has had a profound effect on the world, as view it. The concept of globalization has become the centre of much political debate and controversy in the modern era. Many of the controversies that have developed include variance over the literal definition of the term, globalization. From academics, politicians and scholars, individuals using this term often have contrasting explanation of what it means. However, one thing for certain is that there doesn't appear to be a consensus, surrounding this phenomenon. Scholte stresses the importance of cultivating an agreeable definition for globalization in a modern context in order to 'advance both knowledge and policy in contemporary society' (Shaw, 2001: 6). Scholte has argued that at least five different explanations that are used commonly. These definitions are closely related, but the concepts mentioned are vastly different. In the first instance, the definition entails with the notion of internationalization. This
American Culture. It is evident that part of the definition of contemporary American identity and significance in the world has emerged within the very hegemony of this culture and the English language and its diffusion worldwide since the Second World W
American Riddles INTRODUCTION American Culture is a massive, variegated and changing topic. It is evident that part of the definition of contemporary American identity and significance in the world has emerged within the very hegemony of this culture and the English language and its diffusion worldwide since the Second World War. Whether talking about Hollywood cinema, suburbs, NATO or a pervasive commodity like Levi Strauss blue jeans, American culture has provided both a worldwide image of a complex "modern" society and a template for reactions to that society. Moreover, American projections abroad have been shaped by American colonialism and war as well as decontextualized images from advertising, news, political rhetoric and mass media. In order to gain a basic understanding of the "Americanness" of products, practices and images, we should recognize the transformations that the American culture has undergone in different milieu worldwide. Yet, at the same time, American culture has changed in the past and is changing dynamically in the present through the very status of the United States as a meeting ground for world cultures, immigrant and transient. While globalism is a topic of intense current discussion, American culture has been global since the first encounters of Europeans and American Indians. One cannot talk of contemporary American culture and its language
The Solitude of the Stateless: Kurdish Womenat the Margins of Feminist Knowledge.
INTRODUCTION The Solitude of the Stateless: Kurdish Women at the Margins of Feminist Knowledge Shahrzad Mojab omen of a Non-State Nation: The Kurds. This is the first edited, English language, collection of papers about the women of Kurdistan. It is usually difficult to find a telling title for an edited work. I can, however, readily think of a dozen, equally good, or even more relevant titles for this book. But why should the women of Kurdistan be identified by and with statehood and nationhood in a book that deals with issues ranging from health choices to Sufism to sexism in language? Indeed, as editor, I did not ask the authors to address the question of statehood and nationhood in their study of the lives of Kurdish women. Uninvited, however, the state is prominently and, often violently, present in Kurdistan, a territory without 'recognized borders.' In this 'borderless' land, however, the borders are more visibly marked than most internationally recognized borders: it is a land whose 'borders bleed' (Kashi 1992). The Kurds constitute one of the largest non-state nations of the world. With a population of approximately 25 million, they are the fourth largest ethnic people in the Middle East, outnumbered only by Arabs, Turks and Persians. They were forcibly divided, in 1918, among the centralist 'nation-states' of Turkey,
Fascism, as a subject of historical inquiry in twentieth-century Britain, has heretofore been examined predominantly through a lens of political failure.
Fascism, as a subject of historical inquiry in twentieth-century Britain, has heretofore been examined predominantly through a lens of political failure. Using the undeniable fact that no such movement in the country has ever secured national power as an analytical fulcrum, fascist groups, from the British Fascists of the nineteen-twenties to the present-day British National Party, have been discussed as eccentric at best, and, more often than not, violent and misguided political flops. Despite there having been a number of organizations that have identified themselves as fascist in the last seventy years, much of the existing literature has focused its attention on Sir Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists (BUF) for at least two reasons: Mosley's party of the nineteen-thirties had the greatest following of any of the fascist organizations of this century and is thereby the most significant; and in the last decade the British Home Office has begun declassifying the records kept on both Mosley and the BUF during the inter-war period, allowing a greater measure of precision in illuminating specific points of interest such as membership and the extent of government infiltration within the group.1 However, closely tied to most explanations of fascism's political failure has been the general "reluctance of authors to accept . . that those who supported the Fascists
What international factors, with particular reference to the United States, have accounted for the longevity of the Indo-Pakistani conflict over the Jammu-Kashmir region in the post-Cold War era?
What international factors, with particular reference to the United States, have accounted for the longevity of the Indo-Pakistani conflict over the Jammu-Kashmir region in the post-Cold War era? The dispute over the territory of Jammu & Kashmir has been a focal point of Indo-Pakistani antagonism for more than a half century. Indo-Pakistani bilateral relations the Cold War and post-Cold War eras have been deeply affected by the divergent perceptions, goals and interests regarding this persistent trouble spot. A settlement on Kashmir has not been achieved due significantly to the actions of both the Indian and Pakistani States themselves. Both the Indian and Pakistani Governments have conducted relations over Kashmir within a straitjacket of potential gains and losses perceived in zero-sum terms over the disputed territory. These strained bilateral relations have been accompanied with grandiose rhetoric aimed at passionate domestic constituencies who for different reasons on either side of the territory see Jammu & Kashmir as an integral part of their nation. The aim of this essay is to analyse how and why international factors have accounted for the longevity of the Kashmir conflict. Putting Indo-Pakistani bilateral relations to one side allows for discussion of the influences of a range of extra-regional actors. It is argued that extra-regional factors have impacted
