Explain where and why depositional landforms occur along the course of a river.
Explain where and why depositional landforms occur along the course of a river. Rivers have three courses. The course is the journey the river makes to reach the sea. Rivers never have a straight course from source to mouth. Their course is always irregular. Along this course depositional landforms can occur. Landforms can be formed from the deposition of weathered and eroded surface materials. On occasion, these deposits can be compressed, altered by pressure, heat and chemical processes to become sedimentary rocks. This includes landforms with some of the following geomorphic features: beaches, deltas, floodplains, and glacial moraines. The upper course is found in the mountains and hills where the river rises from its source and often waterfalls and rapids are also found in this course. The river is usually fast flowing in the upper course; also there are lots of stones and boulders for the water to flow over. Furthermore, the river starts as a stream in the upper course and flows through valleys. The middle course, however, is where the river starts to become wider and deeper. The land, which the river flows over, is becoming flatter and this is where the river starts to meander or bend in the middle course. The lower course is where the river becomes its widest and deepest. This course is found closest to the sea where the river has its mouth. The flat area of land by
Discuss the view that poverty is the real killer in earthquake disasters
Discuss the view that poverty is the real killer in earthquake disasters. (40 marks) Seismic events prove that it is a problematic for the world's population and produce devastating effects on the lives of everyone involved. However it is often said that LEDCs suffer much more from the effects of earthquakes than MEDCs. Whilst this is a generalisation it is probably true, at least in terms of the human cost. Poverty is the condition of lacking basic human needs such as nutrition, clean water, health care, clothing, and shelter because of the inability to afford them. There are several levels of poverty from an individual to national level and earthquake disasters impact at all levels. The 2010 Haiti earthquake struck in the most densely populated area of the country, As More than 78% per cent of Haitian residents live in poverty and Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere the buildings in Port-Au-Prince and other areas of Haiti were in very poor condition in general and were not designed or constructed to be earthquake resistant. The primary earthquake hazard directly responsible for mortality is surface seismic waves which cause ground shaking. This poses a huge hazard as buildings and other structures collapse, killing or injuring their occupants. This was the case in Sichuan, China in 2008 where severe ground shaking was the direct cause of death, injury
Discuss the relative importance of physical and human factors in accounting for changes to vegetation over time within ecosystems in the British Isles
Discuss the relative importance of physical and human factors in accounting for changes to vegetation over time within ecosystems in the British Isles The British Isles is an example of a Lithosere succession, in that it began as bare rock from glacial retreat. The plant succession started with the pioneer species which were algae and bacteria. Both began to broke down rock surface through weathering. Then lichens and mosses began growing in the area which helps with water retention and provides a base for soil. The next stage of primary succession is herbs/grasses/flowering plants/ferns. These add nutrients and organic matter to the ground which provided soil. Next, shrubs invaded and colonised the area. Shrubs dominate and shade out the sere below them. Small trees such as birch and willow were the following sere which invaded and colonised the area. They produced humus from leaf fall which provided nutrients for the soil through nutrient recycling and encouraged new growth of the sere. The last sere is the larger trees which are oak and ash which dominate the area and shade out smaller trees. This sere is the climax community in that it is stable and no further succession happens after. The climax community is the deciduous woodland biome we know today. The main characteristics include the location in which they are found, which is in temperate maritime climate such as
Investigating Travel & Tourism
Unit 1 - Investigating Travel & Tourism Table of Contents UNIT 1 - INVESTIGATING TRAVEL & TOURISM 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 E1 KEY POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 5 . The changing social economic circumstances 7 2. Technological developments 7 3. Product development and innovation 7 4. Changing consumer needs and expectations and fashions 7 E1 CHANGING SOCIAL ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES 8 . Increase in Leisure Time 8 2. Disposable Income 9 3. Car Ownership 10 E1 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 11 2. Communication and information systems 12 3. Product Development 12 E1 FEATURES OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 14 E1 FEATURES OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 14 The National Tourist Boards (NTB's) 15 The Voluntary Sector 16 New Technologies 16 External Pressures 16 Currency Fluctuation 16 Legislation 17 Climate Change 17 Natural Disasters 17 War, Acts of Terrorism 17 Impact on Host Communities 17 Economic 18 Social 18 Environmental 18 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 20 Business Tourism 22 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY 23 Travel and Tourism Revenue 23 Contribution to the Balance of Payments 23 E2 - SCALE OF THE UK INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 25 E3 A FULL EXPLANATION OF THE PRESENT STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY 26 . Accommodation and Catering 27 Serviced Accommodation 27 Self Serviced Accommodation
With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change
With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change (15 marks) Thailand is located in south-east Asia, It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Cambodia and to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. Mechai Viravaidya was a key influence in the change of population policy in Thailand, he came into government in 1973; he recognised that the fertility rate at the present time was not sustainable. In 1974 he set up the PDA or Population Development Association. It is arguable that at this time that Thailand was an LEDC where as now it is more commonly referred to as a Newly Industrialised Country (NIC), the faster transition through the demographic transition model may be a result of the change in population control. It was Mechai Viravaidya's plan to promote the use of contraception (formerly seen as a taboo subject) and family planning in order to control population development. The threat of Aids and HIV also became apparent to Viravaidya and the government; this gave him fresh impetus for his scheme. There were many successes of the program; this was attributable to a number of factors. Mechai's creativity helped to gain support such as free drinks after a vasectomy. This coupled with the willingness and openness of the Thai people allowed new ideas to thrive. The government gave Mechai the resources and support he
Why was Russia such a backward country in the end of the 19th century?
Luciana Machado 3.12.04 IB History - yr2 Why was Russia such a backward country in the end of the 19th century? The Tsarist state inherited by Nicholas II consisted of many weakenessesm, largely of political problems, social weaknesses and tensions, faults in the economy and other factors that all combined to make Russia a backward state. Russia's problems went as follow: The agrarian situation was a something that no matter how many changes acurred, yet they remained repressed and backward in several important aspects. The government in Russia had been bankrupt following the Crimean War and so transferred the large debt to the freed peasants. These debts were made worse by the inflated land values in the black soil and non-black soil provinces in Russia which also exacerbated the high interest payments on the peasants debts. The Emancipation Decrees of Alexander II also caused a stir as ex-serfs still bore a temporary obligation to their former masters until late 1881. Even though there was greater access to lands, the peasants became more empoverished, especially in the black soil provinces of the south where the holdings of ex-serfs fell by about 25%. The empoverishment grew also from the loss of many customary rights to woodland and to common pasture. The virtual doubling of peasant population from 68 million in 1859 to 125 million in 1897 resulted in many people
Comparison Between MEDC and LEDC
Comparison Between MEDC and LEDC The comparisons between MEDC- More Economically Developed Country and LEDC-Less Economically Developed Country are many and varied but are mainly related to finance which gives the MEDC a higher standard of living for its occupants than those of the LEDC. Geographically most MEDC are situated in the northern hemisphere were as the LEDC are mostly in the southern hemisphere. Most MEDC are well advanced or have completed their development period for example the United Kingdom were as the LEDC are still in the early stages. Development of a country can be shown in a demographic transition model; this model consists of four stages. Stage one is pre modern which is when the birth rate and death rate fluctuate between each other which keeps population at a low, but stable point. Next is urbanizing and industrializing, at this stage the death rate drops due to better health care, standard of living etc and causes the population to increase quite quickly. Stage three is called mature industrial in this phase the birth rate stays high and the death rate is low so the population still increases quickly due to better technology. Lastly is the post industrial stage where the birth rate drops to the same level as the death rate which causes the population to become steady once again. An MEDC would be in stage four or nearing the end of it where and LEDC
How far do physical factors affect global population distribution?
Global Population Distribution by Atif Khan 10S How far do physical factors affect global population distribution? Global Population Distribution is the spread of people across the world. It can be an even spread or an uneven spread, and it depends on physical and human factors. Human factors include transport, infrastructure, government and employment. Physical factors are climate, relief, water supplies, soil type and resources. Across the world's surface area, most people are living in only small sections of land. This is because not all land has an equal potential for life. Examples of countries with very large populations are India and China. 2 in 6 people across the globe are either Indian or Chinese! However, in a country such as Afghanistan this population density is much lower. We will first study the physical factors that affect population. We will begin with climate. Average Annual Temperatures are important factors of population distribution. If the weather is too hot or too cold, people won't be able to live there. However, if there are no extremes of climate like this, countries are more likely to do well. An example of this is Western Europe. However, extremes of climate are not the only type of climate to affect population distribution. If a country is cold, for example, people are usually more likely to spend money on housing to provide shelter, using up
Mauritius - Case Study Focusing On Population.
Mauritius - Case Study Focusing On Population Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean just off the east coast of Africa. The island was discovered by the Portuguese in 1505 and subsequently colonised by a number of European countries (Britain, France & Holland) before gaining independence in 1968. The European colonies started what is the major economy in Mauritius today - sugar. After the abolition of slavery in Britain (when the island was under British rule) workers were brought from India, which created a wealth of ethnic groups. At the beginning of the 20th century the growth of population in Mauritius was relatively slow. Between 1940-1970 the population exploded and nearly doubled. The main reasons for this are cited as being a sudden drop in the death rate after the eradication of malaria, and an increase in general healthcare. Normally countries with a good economy will have a drop in birth rates after a drop in death rates, but not in Mauritius for various reasons. For example the main religions on the island - Hinduism, Islam and Catholicism - both opposed the use of contraception. Also the average marriage age was extremely low, as this is also a part of Hindu tradition and it also ensures a high fertility rate. In the 1970's the fertility rate was an amazing 6.2 children per woman and the population growth rate was estimated to be 3%, and the mean
Natural resources- Exam questions
Natural resources- Exam questions ) Natural resource's are those environmental 'goods', including the so-called 'free' goods such as air and water, which are available in nature. It refers to a stock (e.g. A forest), which produces a flow of goods (e.g. New tress). Natural resources can be divided into renewable and non-renewable; the level of flow on non-renewable resources(e.g. fossil fuels) is determined economically and politically. Natural resources are culturally defined- we can change our minds about what to use as well as Changing our technical ability to exploit the environment 2) A resource is any physical or virtual thing of limited availability, or anything used to help one earn a living. As resources are very useful, they have a value to them. Resources help to produce goods so they have economic value. Natural resources like forests, mountains etc. are very beautiful so they have aesthetic value. On the other hand, resources have an ethical value as well because it is our moral duty to protect and conserve them for the future generations. There are 3 Main types of resources these are: Natural resources, Human resources and Capital/Material resources. We can assume that there is an extent to which natural resources are essential to a countries economic development. There are numerous examples where this extent is shown, the first being the Middle East. The
