Discuss the view that the impacts of volcanic hazards depends primarily on human factors
Discuss the view that the impacts of volcanic hazards depends primarily on human factors There are a wide range of volcanic hazards associated with volcanoes, there are the obvious primary hazards; lava flows, pyroclastic activity and poisonous gas emissions. There are also secondary impacts that result from the eruption such as lahars (sometimes called mudflows), avalanches and debris flows. These are all caused by natural causes but the effects from these can be enhanced or worsened by human factors. There are many different ways that volcanoes can impact the people and environment around it. The hazards from volcanoes can cause death to surrounding populations and also destroy important buildings and the infrastructure nearby. The environment can also be affected due to the gas released from volcanoes and also destruction of environment from pyroclastic flows or lava flows. These can be compounded and the impacts will vary depending on a mixture of human and physical factors. In 1980 in Washington State after 123 years of hibernation Mt St Helens erupted. This volcanic eruption produced many different hazards including a huge landslide, one of the largest ash clouds in recent years and a pyroclastic flow that destroyed huge areas surrounding the volcano. The most devastating of these to humans was the ash cloud. This drifted hundreds of miles and ash fell on 11 states. It
Using examples to support your answer, examine the relative importance of the push factors that lead to forced and voluntary migrations
Using examples to support your answer, examine the relative importance of the push factors that lead to forced and voluntary migrations Migration is defined as the movement of people across a specified boundary (national or international) to establish a permanent place of residence. The UN refers to how generally, migration is when there is a change in residence lasting more than a year. Push factors are those which force people away from the area in which they live and these can have varying levels of importance in forced and voluntary migrations. Forced migration is when people are forced to leave their homes and move to another place as it is unsafe for reasons such as religious discrimination or they could be facing persecution. By contrast, voluntary migration is when people move away in order to get a better quality of life such as moving for to an area with better employment prospects. Push factors are especially important when there is forced migration as people have little choice but to migrate and so the importance of pull factors is lower. An example of forced migration which I have studied is the migration of refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to Tanzania. The principle push factor in this migration is the deadly war that is taking place. It is estimated that 3.3 million people were killed, the largest in a war since World War II and in
Economic development has been key in reducing fertility rates.
Fertility rates became an increasingly important aspect of population planning amongst governments, especially in the less developed worlds. Governments aim to manage their population size within the carrying capacities of their countries. One of the pre-conditions for a fertility decline is economic development. Economic progress and growth has been imperative in bringing down fertility rates to healthier levels near the 2.1 replacement level. However, economic development cannot function alone and would require other social changes such as emancipation of women and population policies to occur in tandem with it to achieve more significant results. Nevertheless, economic development is a key factor in reducing fertility rates. With the establishment of modern economic growth, fertility has tended to decline by reducing the need to have children. The demographic transition model (DTM) suggests that in countries that develop from a pre-industrial to an industrialised economic system, long-term increases in economic wealth and income per capita are combined with a transition from high to low birth and death rates. First across high income countries starting largely in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and then occurring even more rapidly across most low income countries in the last quarter of the twentieth century. The DTM predicts ever-decreasing fertility rates with
Explain the geographical challenges resulting from a greying population.
Explain the Geographical challenges resulting from a greying population. [15] A greying population, also known as an ageing population, is a term used to describe uneven age distribution, towards older ages. Many socio-economic and health consequences arise from a greying population, including the increase in the old-age dependency ratio. In addition, it presents challenges for public health as well as economic development. One of the biggest problems is that the elderly are a strain on the NHS, it has been predicted that the percentage of over 65’s is expected to rise by 53% therefore, there is expected to be over 14 million over 65’s by 2031. This will clearly be catastrophic if there is little change in the younger population, as a result there will be a higher proportion of elderly people who require medical attention and care. The fact that elderly people are also more vulnerable to illness it means they will require hospitalisation however, there are restriction on the amount of hours staff are allowed to work meaning the NHS will be short on staff and this will put a huge amount of pressure on the health care. As a result more money will have to be spent and consequently the only way to fulfil this demand is through increasing the amount taxpayers pay as there is fewer economically independent people so more money will need to be generated through tax in order to
Examine the role TNCs play in the growth of globalization.
Examine the role TNC’s play in the growth of globalization. (15) Trans national corporations usually have their headquarters or financial headquarters in more economically developed countries such as UK, USA and Germany. The majority of products sold in these MEDC’s are produced in less economically developed countries or those with more industrially supported economy such as China or Thailand. One large TNC that’s products are known all other the world is Nike. Its headquarters are located in Oregon, USA. Nike’s factories are in every continent except Africa, due to their lack of infrastructure and industrial power. Though Nike has 124 factories in China, 73 in Thailand and 34 in Vietnam. These would all be regarded as less economically developed countries, as the majority of their population lives in poverty or deprivation. The spread of the TNC Nike, shows how it has grown to reach all areas of the globe, it has around 700 stores around the world and in 2015 sold 120,000,000 pair of shoes, most of which would have been mostly made in Asia and exported to countries all around the world. Nike operates on such a large scale around the world, with offices in 45 countries. Suggesting how this TNC has grown to a company with a market capital of 80 billion dollars, by global transportation and distribution of products, made in one country usually for a very low price
The need for world development.
The need for world development A lot of people across the world will agree that there is a definate need for world development. A great deal of people live in poverty, but how did this happen, and what can be done? There are many problems which have lead to a need for world development, one of these is debt.Many L.D.Cs have to borrow money from banks to begin to develop. Many countries who do not have money are forced to borrow large sums. This means that eventually they will be forced to pay them back. And some countries simply do not have enough money to pay these bills. Another great problem with being in debt is that the people, or countries who have lent the money, can charge a great deal of intrest, meaning that even if some countries can pay they will struggle with finding money afterwards, finding enough money to start again, without loans, is very difficult. Richer countries find it very easy to exploit the poorer countries. This often leads to a massive economic crisis inside an L.D.C. e.g; Chile borrowed 3.9 billion dollars, within a few years she had paid 12 million, but still owed money. Another large problem is war, often if a country that is an L.D.C gets involved in a war, then they will feel the pressure, more so than countries that aren't L.D.C's. Also the worst kinds of wars are civil wars, as they completely destroy the country in which these people
The Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution In this assignment I will be explaining why, by the 19th century, Britain was known as the 'workshop of the world'. This was clearly defined by the Great Exhibition of the Work of Industry opened in May 1851, held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. This exhibition put on show to the world Britain's wealth and inventiveness, displaying consumer goods and machinery from its great manufacturing cities. It showed that she was a forerunner of industry and going through, what we now call, the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was revolutionary not in its speed, but in its consequences. The century between 1750 and 1850 brought about the age of machines, in factories mass production and the assembly line, industrial towns and the industrial working class. Even though the greatest changes took place between 1750 and 1850 these dates cannot be used to tie down the beginning and the end of the industrial revolution, it was a slow process that took centuries not decades. Why it happened in Britain is still debateable, but the country had ample resources of coal and iron, navigable rivers and canals, an increasing population as well as a growing empire overseas, which provided a captive market for British made products. Each of these reasons reacted with each other to encourage growth and make Britain a world leader in
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved industrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. I. The Agricultural Revolution The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system of cultivation gave way to
The Issues Associated With Pest Control.
The Issues Associated With Pest Control The two main types of pest control are biological and chemical control, and there are different types of these, each of which has issues associated with them. Chemical pesticides can be split into three categories: insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Each of these combat different types of pests: insects, weeds and disease causing fungi. There are three types of pesticides which work in different ways to eliminate pests and increase the yield of the crops. Contact pesticides are sprayed directly onto crops. They are absorbed by insects through spiracles, which are gas exchange pores, and are absorbed by weeds and fungi through their surfaces. The pests are poisoned and therefore cannot compete with or destroy the crop plants. Contact pesticides are relatively cheap, but their effects are short lived and they have to be applied regularly. This method is not completely effective; however, because spraying of the crops does not guarantee that each pest is poisoned and killed therefore the plants can still be destroyed. Systemic pesticides are also sprayed onto crops, but work differently to contact pesticides. They are absorbed by the crop, and transported around the plant. Sap sucking insects such as aphids will feed on the plant, and take in the pesticide and will be killed. Weeds will also absorb the pesticide and it will work
The impact of human activities on the environment
The impact of human activities on the environment Everything that humans do has some impact on the environment. Pollution is a result of human activities in the environment. The main sources of pollution are farming, water pollution and air pollution. Farming is having an increased impact on the environment. This is because there is increased pressure on farmers to produce a single crop and to concentrate on one form of animal husbandry, such as, dairy cattle or pig breeding. This is more economical because better use can be made of equipment and organizations such as supermarkets have fewer farmers to negotiate purchases with. Also transport is much easier so produce can be easily moved to more distant markets. Monocultures are produced from this, which are large areas of the same crop grown on the same land year after year. To improve efficiency hedges have been removed and this has reduced the amount of habitat available for wildlife. It has also increased soil erosion. The removal of hedges increases the area of land available for crops, destroys the habitat of predators and keeps the number of pests down. Monocultures are susceptible to pests and large amounts of pesticide have to be used. Farm animals can produce large quantities of organic effluent. When this organic effluent gets into aquatic ecosystems it can cause a rapid growth of algae and plants, which leads to
