Theory of attention
In the 1950's and 1960's the dominant theory of attention was the bottleneck theory, stating humans act as a single communication channel of limited capacity at some part in an information processing sequence. Dichotic listening tasks were devised to illustrate this theory; early studies showed that people are very good at processing only one of two physically distinct concurrent sources of information. The resource theory however assumes that attention can be regarded as a single reservoir of information processing resources. (Reason, 1990) The idea of attention is critical when examining actions and intentions. Normans and Shallices attention to action theory argues there are two control structures; horizontal and vertical threads. Horizontal threads comprise of processing structures called schemas and vertical threads interact with the horizontal threads to provide the means by which attentional and habitual factors activate schemas. Horizontal threads govern habitual activity without the need for attentional control. (Reason, 1990) Later on, the role in which schemas play in action slips, an error which occurs when a person does an action that is not intended (Norman, DA, 1981) will be examined as will the role of slips and mistakes with expert users of computer programs. Slips can be categorised into; errors in the formation of an intention, faulty activation of
The first issue that arises here is A's act of taking his father's railway pas.. This could amount to theft. The law on theft is laid under Section 1 of Theft Act 1968. Under this statute
A obtained his father's railway pass, and substituting his photograph, used it to travel on the train, having arranged to meet B. his girlfriend, at the station. She was allowed entry to the the train platform, when she, untruthfully, claimed she had lost her train pass. Before boarding the train, B, by using a metal disc, obtained a bar of chocolate from a coin-operated machine. Entering the carriage, the two, spotting an unattended brief case, took it intending merely to look through it. Seeing nothing of interest to them, they threw it out of the window. They then ordered two cups of coffee in the restaurant carriage, which they avoided paying for, by alighting at the next station but were stopped by a railway police officer. With what crimes might A and B be charged? (Adapted from GCE Edexcel, June 1996, Section C, Crime and Society, Question 9) The first issue that arises here is A's act of taking his father's railway pas.. This could amount to theft. The law on theft is laid under Section 1 of Theft Act 1968. Under this statute it is stated that a person commits theft when he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of depriving the other of it. Hence, the actus reus of this offence is the appropriation f property belonging to another. In this case, the railway pass belonging to A's father clearly falls within the definitions of
To what extent was a modern welfare state created by the liberals in 1906-14?
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS A MODERN WELFARE STATE CREATED BY THE LIBERALS IN 1906-14? In this essay I am going to discuss the main steps the Liberals took towards creating a modern welfare state. I will then decide to what degree they created this welfare state and will pick out the most important of these stages. Firstly, I will discuss the state imposed regulations setting rules for conduct. The focus of this approach was largely on the continuation of earlier legislation. A large portion of these new methods were intended to assist and benefit the workforce of the time. The Trades Disputes Act was introduced in 1906 and it stated that action could not be taken against the trade unions for any damage caused by strikes; this reversed the Taff Vale judgement of 1901 and re-established the former powers of the trade unions. Employers were also required to pay compensation to employees injured at work after the 1906 Workmen's Compensation Act was introduced. In 1909, the Trade Boards Act formed boards of government that oversaw pay and conditions in sweated industries. It was made obligatory for employers to allow a half-day holiday each week when the Shops Act was introduced later in 1911. The legislation for the welfare of children was also improved upon when the 1908 Children's Act was first initiated. This was confined to preventing the sale of alcohol and tobacco to children, to
The two cases were heard simultaneously by the House of Lords, as both addressed the same underlying issue, the application of the word 'road' in section 145 (3) (a) of the Road Traffic Act 1988.
English Legal System Formative Assessment 2003 Clarke v .Kato, Smith and General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation Plc Cutter v .Eagle Star Insurance Company House of Lords October 22, 1993 -What are the material facts of the case? -What point of statutory interpretation arose in the case? Which rule of statutory interpretation was applied and why? Word Count (minus quotations): 1,211 The two cases were heard simultaneously by the House of Lords, as both addressed the same underlying issue, the application of the word 'road' in section 145 (3) (a) of the Road Traffic Act 1988. In the Eagle Star proceedings, the plaintiff had been injured when sitting in the passenger seat of a car, parked in a parking bay of a multi-story car park, as a result of a cigarette igniting inflammable gas which had leaked from a can of lighter fuel left in the car by the driver. The plaintiff obtained a judgment in the county court for damages for negligence against the driver but, although the driver had been insured, he had forfeited his right to indemnity under the policy. The plaintiff had thereupon commenced proceedings for the recovery of the judgment sum from the insurers as being liable under section 151 of the 1988 Act to 'satisfy any judgment against an assured where the assureds liability arose out of a matter required to be covered by section 145(3)(a)'. The judge
Sex and Independence - How were Kim's rights violated when he was living in a care organisation? Why would a person such as Kim be particularly vulnerable to their rights being infringed?
Sex and Independence How were Kim's rights violated when he was living in a care organisation? Why would a person such as Kim be particularly vulnerable to their rights being infringed? Kim's rights had been violated when he was living in a care organisation. Many rights, which had been infringed, are: - * Rights to be respected * Rights to be taken out, as he hadn't been taken out for several weeks * Right to freedom * Right to be treated fairly Kim was treated very badly in the care organisation. At one point one of the staff even made him eat his own "poo". I believe that the reason why a person such as Kim has his rights being infringed is because he is unable to communicate properly and defend himself. This becomes a barrier between Kim and others. Kim has no privacy and because of his disability he is not seen or treated as a real person who has needs, feelings or emotions. This is clearly shown in the video, as he is ignored by the care workers in the residential home, and also they do not give him what he needs as they don't listen to him. Kim's money and possessions also get stolen. How could the care organisation concerned have promoted equality and protected/promoted Kim's rights more effectively? The way that the care organisation could have promoted equality is to acknowledge the diversity of the service users and ensure they have equal rights and
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIP)
' The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIP) ' Description The Regulation of Investigatory Powers act was passed in the UK in July 2000. This act allows the government to access a person's electronic communications in a very unrestricting manner, whereby infringing their privacy. Why was it imposed? This act was imposed so that employers were able to monitor the actions taken place by their employees, which falls under 'Communications Data' (e-mails, telephone calls etc). This was to identify any inappropriate e-mails being sent and overlong private telephone calls. The government also had reasons behind the launch of this act, as it meant that they could be used for national security, from preventing or detecting serious crime or safeguarding the UK's economic well-being. How was it imposed? Business employers would set up equipment that would be able to monitor what every employee was doing at all times. This could be done by employee's having a unique login name and password. This could easily me monitored where as if anyone was able to access the computers at any time under no login name, it could be very difficult in finding out who was actually accessing the computer. The government however use a different approach and need 'Interception Warrants' which is a document giving legal consent in accessing private files and information. The government can demand
Did the people of England benefit from Whig reform after 1832?
Did the people of England benefit from Whig reform after 1832? For 70 years the Whig party was in the minority in Britain. In 1830, their plans for the great reform act won popular support, and they were returned to office . During the next few years they passed important reform legislation, known collectively as the Reform Bills. The Whigs made many reforms under Lord Grey up until 1834 when Lord Melbourne took power. The majority of Whigs were not for major reform but few Whigs were genuine radicals. Whig saw their purposes as to "improve social conditions, but not to drastically change social organization, and wanted respect in return". The radicals for due to what reform they did want and carried out favored the Whig. Some Whigs were followers of Utilitarian otherwise known as Benthamites. Benthamites believed in greater efficiency and happiness of the greater number (majority). Benthamites influenced much of the legislation produced during the Whigs during the 1830s. Another group that existed with in the Whig was the humanitarians. They demand better working and living conditions. This group not only included Whigs and their supporters but also radicals and other political groups. Evidence suggests that the people of England did benefit from some reforms but not others. Many acts were pissed in the interest of the British people but some were used against the
Explain the 'Categorical Imperative'
Explain the 'Categorical Imperative' The term 'categorical imperative 'was originally invented by a Philosopher by the name of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). 'Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it would become a universal law.' Kant defined an imperative as a statement that declares a certain type of action to be necessary. So for example, a Hypothetical imperative would force an action upon a being in certain circumstances i.e. 'If I wish to satisfy my thirst I must drink this water'. However, a Categorical Imperative is an absolute; it is an unconditional requirement that should have the authority in all circumstances, and is both required and justified as an end in itself. So it must necessarily mean that a particular act or kind of act ought not to be carried out under any circumstance i.e. "One ought not commit murder". This theory is therefore deontological as actions are just morally and absolutely right regardless of anything else. A perfect example of this theory when applied: 'Someone who contemplates relieving a financial crisis by borrowing money from someone else, promising to repay it in the future while in fact having no intention of doing so. (Notice that this is not the case of finding yourself incapable of keeping a promise originally made in good faith, which would require a different analysis.) The maxim of this
Critically discuss the extent to which the fundamental rights provisions of the 1937 Constitution apply to non-citizens.
Course: Constitutional Law 2 Year 2 Student no: 03103854 The constitutional protection of non-citizens -Critically discuss the extent to which the fundamental rights provisions of the 1937 Constitution apply to non-citizens. Abstract: Introduction The constitution------ the fundamental rights What is the deferent between the rights of citizens and the rights of non-citizens? The uncertainty of the fundamental rights The European human rights convention Conclusion Introduction: With the harmonization and the development of the world, Ireland becomes a more diverse society. The ability of social policies to address the needs of all its members becomes increasingly tested by distinctions between the rights of citizens and non-citizens. As the most important and fundamental legal document, 1937 Irish constitution sets out the articles about the fundamental rights provisions. According to the constitution, Irish citizens have a range of those fundamental rights, but to what extent the fundamental rights provisions apply to non-citizens is disputable. In the constitution, a number of the important provisions is expressly to attached to citizens, but leave this area complex and uncertain for non-citizens. So, in practice it is difficult for Irish judges to agree on a precise protection afforded to non-citizens. This paper is focus on this issue in respect to the
Judicial Reform and Bill of Rights.
Judicial Reform and Bill of Rights Many people believe the present UK judicial system is unfair, old fashioned and in need of a major reform. The cost of legal aid has soared in the last ten years, and solicitors often charge £100 an hour to hire, with barristers costing even more. Even though citizens who cannot afford these rates may be entitled to free legal aid, a lot of people simply don't bother because the time and cost impediments cause more trouble than the case itself. There is great competition between solicitors firms for business, and many people think that the more a solicitor costs, the better the quality of advice is, which is not always the case. Even though the 'no win, no fee' formats introduced to solicitors by the Lord Chancellor are unjust, as the firms tend to take most of the compensation as legal fees. Another reason, which may suggest a need for a reform, is the fact that British judges are un-elected and so are undemocratic. The present system is not only elitist, but it favours white, middle class, well educated males, proving that it can be a racist, sexist, class discriminating system. The public has no choice in deciding who judges and adjourns various cases. A less distinguished point that criticises the UK judicial system is the number of scandals involving Freemasons and other 'secret clubs' in the structure. Two successive governments
