Diabetes is a common disorder of metabolism in which the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood is too high, suffocating the bodys cells, and damaging the sufferers health. Discuss this illness.
Dr Bryant Diabetes Diabetes is a common disorder of metabolism in which the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood is too high, suffocating the body's cells, and damaging the sufferer's health. The high sugar level in the blood is a condition known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops either because the body's pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin hormones to metabolise glucose, or because the insulin fails to work properly. When blood glucose rises above a certain level, it leaks into the urine. The condition, sometimes hereditary, affects roughly 3% cent of men and 2% cent of women in the world, half of which may not have been diagnosed with the condition. Though there is no cure for diabetes, proper insulin intakes and other cures together with a correct diet enable most diabetics to live virtually normal lives with few side effects, although their mortality rate is higher. A common symptom of diabetes is weight reduction caused by the loss of fluids and fat in the body's cells due to high sugar levels suffocating the cells. Other symptoms are passing high amounts of urine, amplified thirst, vision problems, limb numbness, genital itching, ceased menstruation in women; and a frequent boils and skin infections. Moderately raised blood glucose levels can eventually cause kidney failure; damage to vision from ruptured blood vessels in the eyes; and restricted blood
An Experiment Testing for Carbohydrates Non-Reducing sugars
An Experiment Testing for Carbohydrates Non-Reducing sugars 28 September 2001 Aim To test for non-reducing sugars in 4 known substances and 1 unknown substance using Benedict's reagent and Hydrochloric acid neutralised with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. Introduction Benedict's test uses copper (II) sulphate. This reagent is used as a general test for detecting reducing sugars. If the saccharide is a reducing sugar, it will reduce the copper (II) ions to copper (I) oxide, and form a red precipitate. However, some saccharides need to be split and neutralised in order to detect their reducing sugars. Risks Hydrochloric acid is very poisonous and corrosive if spilt wash affected area immediately. Apparatus and Materials Boiling tubes x 15, Pestle and mortar, Water bath, Stop clock, Permanent Marker, 8 pipettes 10cm³, 9cm³ 0.1% Glucose, 9cm³ 0.1% Sucrose, 9cm³ Unknown solution, 1g Grass, 1g Molasses, Litmus Paper, 20cm³ Water, 3cm³ Dilute Hydrochloric acid, 75cm³ Benedict's Reagent, 9 drops Sucrase enzyme. Method The following tubes were prepared and labelled 1a 3cm³ 0.1% Glucose and 5cm³ Benedict's reagent were pipetted into a boiling tube. The boiling tube was placed in a water bath for 8 minutes. They were then removed and cooled. The colour was recorded. 1b 3cm³ 0.1% Glucose and 1cm³ Dilute Hydrochloric acid were pipetted into a boiling
Structure of the Alimentary Canal in relation to digestion and absorption
Structure of the Alimentary Canal in relation to digestion and absorption There are two stages in human digestion: . Mechanical breakdown-the large particles of ingested food are broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth in the mouth. 2. Chemical breakdown - the large molecules of food are hydrolysed (broken down) by digestive enzymes into smaller, soluble molecules. The alimentary canal (human gut) has the same general structure along its whole length but in some areas, it is specialised to carry out various roles. It extends as a tube from the mouth to the anus and along its length, the wall is composed of four layers: . Mucosa- This is the innermost lining of the gut wall. It lubricates the passage of food with mucus and also protects it from the digestive action of enzymes. The mucosa surrounds the lumen which is made up of glandular epithelium and connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymph vessels. 2. Submucosa- This is a layer of connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels together with elastic fibres and collagen. 3. Muscularis Externa- This is made up of circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle fibres which control the shape and movement of the gut. 4. Serosa- This is the outermost layer and is made up of loose connective tissue which provides protection from friction against other organs. Different parts
Investigating the effect of different concentrations of salt solutions on osmosis in potatoes
Investigating the effect of different concentrations of salt solutions on osmosis in potatoes I am investigating the effect of varying concentrations of salt solutions on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a small amount of potato of a given size. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, through a semi-permeable membrane. For this investigation I think that the lower the concentration of the salt solution in the beaker the larger the mass of the potato will be. This is because I think the water molecules will pass from a high concentration to a low concentration. Therefore, the water will move into the potato, increasing its mass. The apparatus used in this experiment were: * 4 beakers * 4 test tubes * 4 pipettes * 4 pieces of potato without skin (all the same size) * 20ml of distilled water * 20ml high concentration salt solution * 20ml medium concentration salt solution * 20ml low concentration salt solution * Scales * Knife * Cork borer Firstly I collected and set up all the equipment I needed, I then added 20ml of high concentration salt solution to a clean and dry beaker; this was repeated with the medium concentration salt solution, low concentration salt solution and distilled water, and these are the independent variables. I used a cork borer to cut out four
Kidney Function.
Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment within a living organism. Excretion is the removal from the body of waste products made in the cells during metabolism. Osmoregulation is the homeostatic control of body water. Water intake needs to balance with water loss. Urea is instantly converted from ammonia, as it is a less soluble and less toxic compound. It is the main nitrogenous excretory product of humans. Each kidney receives its blood supply from the renal artery. The kidney consists of millions of filtering units called nephrons. Blood comes to the kidney under high pressure to make filtration efficient. The filtered blood leaves the kidney along the renal veins. The filtered waste products are excreted by the kidney as urine. A narrow tube called the ureter carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. From there the urine is excreted through a single tube, called the urethra. Kidney structure: If you cut a section through the kidney, three areas can be seen: * The
Rate of respiration in Yeast.
Aim: I am going to investigate the rate of respiration of yeast cells in the presence of two different sugar solutions: glucose, sucrose. I will examine the two solutions seeing which one makes the yeast respire faster. I will be able to tell which sugar solution is faster at making the yeast respire by counting the number of bubbles passed through 20cm of water after the yeast and glucose solutions have been mixed. Prediction: I predict that the glucose solution will provide the yeast with a better medium by which it will produce a faster rate of respiration. This is because glucose is the simplest type of carbohydrate (monosaccharide). However sucrose is a complex sugar it contains large molecules making it a disaccharide. Due to the large molecules being saturated and the small molecules being unsaturated this will allow the glucose to mix easily with the yeast therefore making it respire more frequently. The sucrose sugar however having larger molecules will find it harder to mix in with the yeast; this will make the rate of respiration in the sucrose much slower as it is not as efficient as the glucose. Yeast requires enzymes to digest the food on which the yeast is living. The enzymes digest the food the yeast is living on (normally sugars such as Glucose and Sucrose) breaking down the large molecules into smaller ones. It takes longer to break down the large
Diabetes Mellitus
Alex Mansfield Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is derived from the Greek word meaning "a passer through or a siphon"; Mellitus comes from the Greek word "sweet". Apparently the Greeks named it thus because of the excessive amounts of urine a diabetic would pass when in a hyperglycaemic state. Diabetes Mellitus comes in two forms, both of which result in the disturbance of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Insulin is a hormone that enables the body to control blood glucose levels. It is a central hormone in controlling metabolism. It is produced in the endocrine part of the pancreas, which consists of very small clumps of specialised cells (the Islets of Langerhans) spread throughout the organ. Hyperglycaemia results if there is not enough insulin to cause cells to absorb the glucose from the blood or if they don't respond to the insulin. Diabetes Mellitus type 1 is characterised by the reduced production of insulin. This can be attributed to the fact that type 1 is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme in the hormone producing beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Thus stopping the production of insulin and results in a hyperglycaemic state. The autoimmune attack is generally triggered by an infection often a virus. This expresses a protein, which is similar to glutamate
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by overly high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). It occurs as a result of defective secretion of the insulin hormone or the abnormal decrease in sensitivity of insulin target cells - with insulin secretion too low to compensate for the resistance to its effects. In normal blood sugar regulation, glucose binds to pancreatic ß-cells - endocrine cells located in the islets of Langerhans. This causes the secretion of insulin into the bloodstream. The insulin, in turn, binds with specific membrane receptors of the hepatocyte cells of the liver. This causes the uptake, by facilitated diffusion, of glucose from the bloodstream through protein carrier molecules into the cells. The glucose can then be converted into glycogen (an insoluble storage carbohydrate) by the process of glycogenesis via intracellular enzymes of the hepatocytes. Three main forms of diabetes exist: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy). Whilst, ultimately, all forms are due to the pancreatic ß-cells being unable to produce sufficient insulin to prevent hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Type 1 diabetes (otherwise known as insulin dependant or early onset diabetes) is due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic ß-cells. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates form a large group of molecules that can be synthesized by plants. They contain carbon, together with hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in the molecules is usually 2:1. These, as a class, are the most abundant organic compounds found in nature. Green plants (and bacteria) produce carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates may be grouped into three categories monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are the sugars (simple carbohydrates), whilst the polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) are the non-sugars. Of the sugars, monosaccharides are sweeter than disaccharides. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrates. Monosaccharides have general formula (CH2O) n, n =3 to 9.They are known as monomers (the building blocks of complex molecules {polysaccharides}). They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. The following are the monosaccharides in order Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, pentoses, hexoses Monosaccharides have following properties they are small with low molecular mass, they are sweet tasting, crystalline, and are readily soluble in water. The simplest monosaccharides have three carbon atoms (n=3) and are called trioses. An important triose, glyceraldehydes, is formed as an intermediate in the metabolic pathways of
A Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Glucose in Solution.
A Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Glucose in Solution Method A clean pipette was used to transfer 10cm of 10% glucose into a boiling tube. The pipette was then used to transfer 9cm of 10% glucose into a different boiling tube. 1 cm of distilled water was added to give 10cm of 9% glucose. This was repeated to make 10cm of 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1% glucose solutions (use the table below to help): Concentration of glucose (%) Volume of 10% glucose to transfer (cm ) Volume of distilled water to transfer (cm ) Total volume of solution (cm ) 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 8 8 2 0 7 7 3 0 6 6 4 0 5 5 5 0 4 4 6 0 3 3 7 0 2 2 8 0 9 0 A clean pipette was used to transfer 5 cm of 1M sulphuric acid into each solution. A clean pipette and pipette filler was used to transfer 2cm of potassium permanganate solution into each boiling tube. A stopwatch was started the exact moment the potassium permanganate was added to the acidified glucose solutions. A time was recorded, in seconds for the complete decolourisation of the potassium permanganate solutions. Results Concentration of glucose (%) Start time (seconds) Finish time (seconds) Elapsed time (seconds) 0 90 562 472 9 80 578 498 8 70 590 520 7 60 605 545 6 50 614 564 5 40 629 589 4 30 635 605 3 20 963 943 2 0 787 777 0 2486 2486 Results of
