Cocaine Addiction: Literature Review, Modalities, and Improved Treatment Plan
Cocaine Addiction: Literature Review, Modalities, and Improved Treatment Plan by Addam Brown A Paper Presented in Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST5108 - Foundations of Addictive and Compulsive Behavior Addam Brown June, 2011 627 E Trail Creek Dr Nampa ID 83686 208/899.0055 [email protected] Dr. Wayne Cunningham Abstract The purpose of this paper will focus on an intervention design for cocaine addiction that place emphasis on the historical and current role, the rights, diversity, and legal or ethical issues that play a role with cocaine addiction as well as the diagnosis and treatment that will help cocaine addicts become drug free from other researchers through literature review. It will also describe the available treatment interventions critiques from the strengths, weaknesses, and other issues to treat cocaine addiction as well as an existing intervention design that is appropriate for treating cocaine addiction. Table of Contents Literature Review 5 Historical Role 5 Current Role 6 Rights, Diversity, and Legal/Ethical Issues 6 Diagnosis and Treatment 8 Treatment Intervention (Trends Critique) 11 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 11 Description 11 Strengths 11 Weaknesses 12 Contingency Reinforcement Description 15 Strength 15 Weaknesses 15 Other Issues 15 Other Intervention 17 Comparison of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy & Contingency
How important are ethics and social responsibility?
How important are ethics and social responsibility? Introduction The study of ethics has become increasingly important with global business expansion, because of an increase in ethical and social responsibility - concerns that businesses face in different country environments. There exists, however, a wide divergence in the level of importance attached to these two issues in different countries (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 1998). Moreover, vast differences exist from country to country in the economic development, cultural standards, legal/political systems, and expectations regarding business conduct (Wotruba, 1997). In addition, there is great divergence in the enforcement of policies (Mittelstaedt and Mittelstaedt, 1997). In the business ethics literature, ethical variations among marketers/managers from different nations are documented in many empirical studies on various types of ethical issues (e.g. Armstrong et al., 1990; Graham, 1985; Becker and Fritzsche, 1987). Variation in ethics across cultures was evidenced in a cross-national study of industrial salespeople by Dubinsky et al. (1991) where some significant differences in ethical perceptions were found among marketing managers from Japan, Korea, and the USA. A study by Singhapakdi et al. (1994) also revealed that American and Thai marketers differ on various components of their ethical decision-making process.
The aim of this study is to see if the verbal label underneath each picture affects the participants recorded image and to see whether the Whorfian hypothesis is still present.
Index Page Abstract 3 Introduction 4-5 Aim, hypotheses 5 Method; Design, variables, target 6-7 -population and sampling method Apparatus and material 8 Procedure 8-10 Ethical considerations 10 Results 11-13 Discussion 14-15 Conclusion 15 References 16 Appendix index 17 Abstract A study was conducted with the aim of exploring memory by testing the effect of verbal label on the reproduction of abstract figures. Research that has already been carried out to which is similar to this experiment is the study of Carmichael, Hogan and Walter in 1932. The aim of this study is to see if the verbal label underneath each picture affects the participants recorded image and to see whether the Whorfian hypothesis is still present. The study was carried out in a classroom. The participants were selected by
Are non-human animals conscious?
CONSCIOUSNESS Are non-human animals conscious? Introduction: Are non-human animals conscious? Well, maybe. In investigating animal consciousness the null position is that they are not. Therefore, to answer the question we must either prove that they are, or provide an alternative explanation for evidence suggesting animal consciousness. Of course, this depends on what consciousness is. The Nature of Consciousness Consciousness can be defined as being aware to one's surroundings and identity. But such a definition is unable to encompass the entirety of the concept, so it is better to describe the forms in which consciousness comes and avoid what Dennett has called the 'heartbreak of premature definition'. We can be 'consciously aware' of a pain or a bird flying past. Both are sensed by unconscious, physiological mechanisms, interpreted, and are presented to our consciousness. We might suddenly remember a past memory. We can consciously think about a problem and work out the solution, or we might find that the answer to yesterday's problem suddenly appears in our consciousness. Our consciousness can also reach higher planes, as when we wonder what consciousness is. On these occasions we are aware not just of ourselves and of the world but also our place in it. This self-awareness is perhaps the most crucial part of human consciousness, since if we are aware of
"Theory affects the work of practitioners in the area of loss to varying degrees
"Theory affects the work of practitioners in the area of loss to varying degrees. Some are quite ignorant of theory and work almost exclusively from personal instinct and experience; others find that theory guides significantly their approach to dealing with loss, attitudes towards those for whom they care, communication with other practitioners, and the interventions employed in situations of loss. Different theoretical positions that have evolved throughout the 20th century have contributed positively to the knowledge and work of practitioners in the area of loss. However, while recognizing potential benefits provided by theory, it is important to also recognize the potential negative effects of strict adherence to a particular theoretical position in this work in the area of loss. Hence it may be the use of theory, rather than theory alone, that we must consider more carefully in improving the care of those facing loss". Throughout the 20th century theoretical models of loss and grief have been based predominantly on bereavement (Murray, 2003). However, studies have found that the personal experience of bereavement does not always follow the precepts of theoretical models (Silverman & Klass, 1996). Furthermore, "in the field of death and dying, loss is the central topic" (Harvey & Weber, 1998, p.321) and loss and grief has also been associated with a broad range of
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the pig
MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS IN THE PIG ABSTRACT . Muscarinic receptors in porcine caudate nucleus and urinary detrusor smooth muscle were examined using the non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist radioligand [3H]-QNB. Muscarinic receptor-evoked contractile responses were investigated using strips of porcine urinary detrusor. 2. On comparing pKi values obtained with values and rank orders of affinity relating to human cloned receptors, it was concluded that M1 receptors are found in the caudate nucleus. M2 and M3 receptors are found in the bladder detrusor muscle. Using information gained from this experiment, use of antimuscarinics in the therapy of urinary incontinence was discussed with emphasis on Oxybutynin and its side effects due to non selective effects on muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system. Abbreviations: MAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; QNB, quinuclidinylbenzilate; INTRODUCTION Receptor physiology Muscarinic receptors are a class of acetylcholine receptors. They are G-protein coupled (7-transmambrane spanning receptors) coupled to intracellular effector systems through a G protein. They have various biochemical and electrophysiological effects when activated by acetylcholine in the body. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter with profound effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system
Placentals are better adapted to terrestrial life than marsupials and monotremes because they show a greater diversity of locomotory types. Discuss.
Placentals are better adapted to terrestrial life than marsupials and monotremes because they show a greater diversity of locomotory types.
Discuss, Compare and Contrast Piaget and Vygotsky’s Learning Theories.
DISCUSS, COMPARE AND CONTRAST PIAGET AND VYGOTSKY'S LEARNING THEORIES Many psychologists were not happy with behaviourism. There was a belief among some that there was too much focus on single events, stimuli, and overt behaviour. This school faced great criticisms, which eventually lead to the development of the Cognitive theory. Most Cognitive theorists now portray learning more as constructing knowledge from the information one receives, rather than directly receiving that information from the outside world. Constructivism is the label given to such a view, which falls somewhere between cognitive and humanistic views. It suggests that the learner is much more actively involved in a joint enterprise with the teacher in creating new meanings. The learner as an active participant in the learning process has been emphasised in such terms as selective attention, processor of information, learning as a generative process, reconstruction in memory, and active retrieval. The following are some of the principles of constructivism: . Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore learning must start with the issues around which students are actively trying to construct meaning. 2. Meaning requires understanding wholes as well as parts. Parts must be understood in the context of wholes. Therefore, the learning process focuses on primary concepts, not isolated facts. 3. In
The scale and Significance of the leisure and recreation industry.
Assignment 1; The scale and Significance of the leisure and recreation industry. A) Consumer Spending: Consumer spending on the leisure has risen since the 1970s dramatically in actual fact it has risen since 1971 to 1996 by 95 per cent. Britain has finally entered the leisure age. Spending on leisure goods and services has for the first time replaced out lay on food, housing or any other single element of the weekly family budget. According to the office for the national statistics. the figures that were produced on the 10th of November 1999 show that £60 a week was spent on leisure which is £3 more then 3 years ago, the closest behind this is the spending on food and none-alcoholic drinks running at £59 a week and housing at £57 a week. The consumer spending is widely varied in the leisure and recreation industry. The definition of leisure is the time that an individual sets aside for activities or pastimes out side work or other necessities such a sleeping. The definition of recreation is the type of activities undertaken for enjoyment or relaxation during a person's leisure time.leasiur3 can be a number of things like reading, sport, cinema, going to the pub, or just hobbies in general below shows the money spent on some leisure activities in 1993 and 2003 in billions of pounds. Activity 993 2003 Reading £5.34 £6.65 Home and Entertaining £10.85 £18.06
What is it about superstition as measured by your scale that means it is negatively correlated in attitudes to organ donation?
INTRODUCTION- CLOSE UP PARAGRAPHS ABSTRACT AND WORD COUNT Organ transplantation was established in the 1960's and is now widely accepted by the medical profession as a way of treating patients who suffer from a major failure of their organs. ( nhs website GIVE REFERENCE) There is, however, a shortage of organ donors in the UK. Currently the UK operates an opting in system of organ donation, if people wish to donate their organs when they die, they sign a donor card or make their wishes know to their family. Other European countries, such as Spain, France and Belgium use a presumed consent system which means that they do not need to seek permission to use ones organs when they die. Consequently these countries have a higher rate of organ donation. It has been an issue of debate in this country for many years whether to introduce the opting out system. Doctors and the medical professionals are generally in favour of introducing an opting out system, however the Department of Health has constantly claimed that it has "no plans" to change the existing "opt-in" donor card scheme, the main reason being that a survey showed that only 28% of the public were in favour of an opt-out scheme. (www.bbc.co.uk) In 1996, there were 50,047 people on the donor waiting list and the total number of living and cadaveric donors reached 8,940. 4,083 people died whilst waiting for transplants,
