Asses the relative role of ideology and circumstances in the emergence and development of a resistance movement in France between 1940-1944
Assess the relative role of ideology and circumstance in the emergence and development of a resistance movement in France between 1940 and 1944 The French resistance to the Nazi occupation was not immediate although hostility was already shown by many French people to the Nazi occupation and very few hostility was transformed into action. The French responses to the Nazi occupation and also Vichy regime varied enormously according to James F. McMillan. In the occupied south, resistance was driven by left-wing political stance, while some looking at the 1940 fall of France as a reason to construct a new and better political order as opposed to the old one and others perceived resistance as a natural outcome of the French pre-war attitude.1 It is said that Charles de Gaulle came up with the French term "resistance" and since then became a catch-phrase to describe a nation's struggle against Nazism in post-1945 Western European culture. The practical description of resistance of the French resistance to the Nazi as such, Bob Moore describes as, 'the image of an armed struggle against the enemy; of sabotage actions, assassinations, escape lines and secret agents risking their lives in pursuit of an ultimate Allied victory'.2 This description by Moore completely makes sense as France alongside her allies was in concerted efforts battling Germany since 1939 before the fall of
The Re-Unification Of Germany.
The Re-Unification Of Germany Contents * Introduction * Ostpolitik - Its Origins and Aims * Towards Unity * The Fall of the Wall * Unification * Attitudes and Strategies of the Four Powers -The USA -The USSR -Great Britain -France * Alternatives to Unification * The Legacy of Division Introduction The German Democratic Republic commemorated the fortieth anniversary of its formation on October 7th 1989 amid a mass of military parades and fanfare salutes. Whilst it was intended to be a joyous occasion, it was, for many, a day of great sorrow. Forty years of the GDR represented forty years of living in poverty and fear rather than forty years of successful socialism. The division of Germany, a temporary measure taken by the victorious allies in the aftermath of World War II, appeared to take on a new permanency in the wake of these celebrations. Few East Germans would have believed that in just over a month the Berlin Wall, a symbol of division which had split Europe since 1961, would have collapsed and with it the sprawling Communist empire that was the USSR. Less than a year later the GDR would also cease to exist, its people and territory becoming part of a united Germany few believed they would live to see. The re-unification of Germany came as a shock not just to the people of East Germany but also to the wider global community. From the rumblings of
History Extension Major Work Postmodernism . It is the feature of postmodernism and examples of texts or artistic pieces that encompass these techniques that is the basis of my essay. I have chosen to refer the techniques to art, novels, poems, music an
Title Contents Synopsis 3 Essay 4 Source Evaluation 15 Pulp Fiction Analysis: 15 Fight Club Analysis: 16 French Lieutenants Woman Analysis: 17 History Extension Project Proposal 19 Enquiry Questions: 20 Preliminary Research: 20 Research Intentions: 21 Bibliography 24 Internet Sites: 24 Films: 25 Novels and Poems: 26 Video Games: 26 Synopsis There is a dynamic relationship between postmodernism's development through societal events and its affect on art and text. I intend to examine the techniques postmodernists use to compose postmodern works as well as the history behind these techniques. It is the feature of postmodernism and examples of texts or artistic pieces that encompass these techniques that is the basis of my essay. I have chosen to refer the techniques to art, novels, poems, music and films. I have chosen to focus most heavily on films as film has existed mainly in the postmodern era unlike the others. I also feel film is currently the most widely experienced form of textual expression as well as the most obvious way to express postmodern techniques. Film also contains within it the story of novels and music thus adding to its ability to express postmodernisms affect on text and art. The essay will outline the key techniques used by postmodernism to shape art and text as well as the history behind these techniques and their effect on society in
‘Wellington’s Waterloo’.
'WELLINGTON'S WATERLOO' The French Revolution played a significant role in the history of Britain. The ideal of intellectual enlightenment and the idea of an end of a corrupt and antiquated government and monarchist rule, swept across Europe from the summer of 1789. This followed the highly symbolic storming of the Bastille, and the Declaration of the Rights of man. However, when the Revolution degenerated into 'The terror' of Robespierre's government by fear and terrorism, intellectual joy turned into conservatism, and a feeling of betrayal. Politically, the social consequences were profound. As Britain staggered under the shock of Industrial Revolution, Urbanisation and the creation of a working class, the authoritarian response to the French Revolution, was a series of repressive acts of parliament and social measures, like the suspending of the writ of habeas corpus. Just as the new society cried out for help, Reform was effectively quashed for thirty years. The French Revolution also gave rise from Corsican outcast to Emperor, of Napoleon Bonaparte. This man perhaps affected Britain the most, and much as been written about this legendary figure and his wars of aggression. The object of this essay is, however, to tell the story of Bonaparte's final fall, in terms of military history and one engagement, which saw Bonaparte meet an equally illustrious figure, his
Factors provoking mobilization in Germany and Italy 1914-1920
Factors provoking mobilization in Germany and Italy before the World War 1 until 1920 Scientific research and advancement in medicine in Europe had led to the improvement in human lives hence the increase in population. Industrial revolution on the other hand had created a prevalent phenomenon where mass migration from villages to urban areas where industries were centered. European economy moved towards a very cold and ruthless free market or capitalist system - laissez faire which means, maximum productions means, maximum profits. Capitalist system resulted in the emergence of a distinct social structure in Europe in form of social class; bourgeoisie and working class as two distinct social strata that define capitalist society. With rapid industrial activities and better means of transportation and communication especially printing press, Europeans in general were exposed to new ideas. Karl Marx's revolutionary ideas that mostly concerned with the working class; proletariat vis-à-vis the bourgeoisie in form of dialectic materialism especially appealed to the general working class in Europe. In sociological context, the emergence of mass society takes the forms of collective movement or social movement, hence collective action. Chris Pickvance defines social movement at abstract level as 'of opinion or social forces which challenge prevailing views... and at concrete
The more than 3000 year long history of Ancient Egypt has been divided into 8 or 9 periods, sometimes called Kingdoms.
The more than 3000 year long history of Ancient Egypt has been divided into 8 or 9 periods, sometimes called Kingdoms. This modern-day division is somewhat arbitrarily based on the country's unity and wealth and the power of the central government. The Ancient Egyptians themselves did not group their rulers according to such criteria. They rather seem to have developed the notion of dynasties throughout their history. The Palermo Stone simply lists the kings one after the other, without any apparent need of grouping them. The Turin Kinglist, which is more recent, has grouped the kings according to their descendance or origin. Thus, Amenemhat I and his descendants, are described as the kings of Itj-Tawi, the capital whence they ruled. We owe the division into 30 dynasties as we use it now to Manetho, the Egyptian priest who lived at the beginning of the Ptolemaic Era. In many cases, however, it is not clear why Manetho has grouped some kings into one dynasty and other kings into another. The 18th Dynasty, for instance, starts with Ahmose, a brother of the last king in Manetho's 17th Dynasty. Theoritically, Ahmose and Kamose should thus have been grouped in the same dynasty. Thutmosis I, on the other hand, does not appear to have been related to his predecessor, Amenhotep I, but still both kings are grouped in the 18th Dynasty. Some Egyptologists have attempted to abandon the
Discuss the role of Athena as a patron deity in Athens.
Discuss the role of Athena as a patron deity in Athens Athena the goddess is Athens itself - i.e. the real and concrete spirit of the citizens.'1 As Hegel notes, Athena was a vital component to the formation of an Athenian identity. As a 'splendid symbol' of the Athenians aims and achievements2, she encapsulated the image of how the Athenians wished to be perceived and how they regarded themselves in comparison to the other nations of the Greek world. Furthermore, an examination of the varying depictions of Athena in art (both literary and visual) during the rise and fall of Athenian fortunes, provides important insights into how religious motifs could be manipulated for with political ends, and how far the image of a patron deity was used to represent the polis. As Christine Sourvinou-Inwood rightly states 'religion provided the framework and the symbolic focus of the polis.'3 The role of patron deity was therefore far more than simply a protector or source of comfort for the population. They were emblem of the polis, and would have reflected how the community of that polis wished to be perceived, both by their own citizens and by the other nations of the Greek world. Through symbols and rhetoric, the image of a patron deity could be manipulated to meet the image of the polis. Nowhere is this more apparent than in fifth century Athens, where the patron deity of Athena
Salem, Spectral Evidence and Recovered Memory Syndrome
December 13, 2010 ________________ Hush-hush whispers in the shadows. Unspeakable things which take place in the cover of darkness. Suspicion and wariness. Dysfunctional interpersonal relationships. The word of one person against the word of another—a scenario with no witnesses. A culture of repression. These are all statements which may easily refer to the situation in late 17th-century Massachusetts, a situation ripe for the eruption of an event now known as the Salem Witch Trials. We tend to think of Salem as a once-in-an-American-lifetime incident, something that came and went and disappeared from further repetition. While certainly important to those involved at the time, most people today see little to no lasting impact of that period, much less see any kind of parallel to events of recent history. Those adopting that particular attitude, however, might be mistaken in their beliefs. Those initial statements—statements of fear, shame, and mistrust—may not only be applied to the Salem witch trials but also to a more contemporary development. The repressed/recovered memory movement which began in the 1980s elicits some of the same images, issues and emotional responses that can be found when studying early colonial America’s reactions to the witch trials. To fully understand any possible correlations between the two, an evaluation of the trials in
"Rather than establishing unity and harmony, religious developments have caused division and conflic
"Rather than establishing unity and harmony, religious developments have caused division and conflic In order to answer this question successfully, one must first understand what is meant by "religious developments" and also to define and concentrate on the "chosen period of study". In the context of the question, one must understand religious developments to be the progressive changes made in the area of theology by prolific thinkers, biblical humanists and also the period's most powerful rulers. This could mean whole new movements, such as Calvinism, or the slight change in religious policy, such as the different approaches to the matter of convivencia and the Conversos and Moriscos. The period that I shall concentrate upon in this analysis will be the whole of the sixteenth century, including the important events that took place in the time leading up to, and away from, this area of history. Religion, to the people of the sixteenth century, was a very important issue which governed their lives. The parish priest had more direct effect on an ordinary person's life than any government official. The church would have been the most substantial building in the village, apart from perhaps the manor house, and so would have been an imposing presence to all who lived near it. At the top of the church there lay the splendour and power of the church in Rome. In the renaissance,
Why did Tsar Nicholas II Abdicate in 1917?
Moscow Economic School Extended Essay Why did Tsar Nicholas II Abdicate in 1917? History HL Michael Rodzianko cfx756 000904-005 2006 Abstract The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917 was a profoundly mysterious event in Russian history. This unexpected event caused the Romanov Dynasty, which had ruled for 300 years to collapse in several months. This essay will aim at distinguishing the roles of various figures involved and the reasons for the event itself. This essay will focus mainly on the period leading up to and on 1917, in which the Tsar abdicated in early March. The memoirs of Michael Vladimirovich Rodzianko, the president of the fourth Duma will be used and to in order to get a contrasting view the work of G. Z. Yoffe, a Soviet historian who accessed archives opened in the 1980's will also be used. Along with these the works of renowned western historians will be used to back up much of the historical content. By using sources on the same time period by authors with contradicting points of view the most objective view, which is usually found in between the extremes can be traced out. The essay is structured into three chapters; the first focuses on the role of the Duma with emphasis on its president, Rodzianko; its members, Guchkov and Shulgin, and the parties of which it was comprised. The second chapter considers the Army and World War I, stressing
