Urban problems of London.
Case study: Urban problems of London There are many problems that London's residents face, the urban problems that London faces are problems of growth, social, economic, environmental problems and the cycle of poverty, these problems are typical of any large city in the developed world. The urban problems that the central business district (CBD) face are crimes particularly muggings on the streets, graffiti on public and private properties and homeless people sleeping on the streets and on the doorsteps of shops and offices. The inner city has to put up with problems like racial anxiety, residents with large families mainly immigrants, pensioners, disabled and single parent families, few car owners, poor quality housing/ high density/ lacking amenities, crime, vandalism and graffiti. The suburbs and the rural -urban fringe face problems such as crime burglary and rising expensive housing. The inner city has to deal with the most social problems. The economic problems that the CBD faces are high land values, which mean high rates and rent for companies. The price for houses and flats are pricey, allot of time is lost by traffic congestion. Once again the inner city has to face the most economic problems, the problems are lack of jobs, high unemployment, lower paid jobs. Mainly semiskilled/unskilled jobs. It is very expensive to maintain important services (health, education)
Urban microclimate investigation.
URBAN MICROCLIMATE INVESTIGATION Identification of a Question A rural Heat Island is a geographical concept that suggests in calm conditions the temperature decreases gradually from the CBD to the rural area. This means that the more urban the area/the higher the building density the warmer it is. The theories behind this idea are that tarmac, brick and other building materials have high albedo values than farm land or forests and therefore the urban areas absorb more heat during the day which is released during the night increasing the temperature through an entire twenty four hour period. Industrial fumes and car fumes provide extra cloud cover in urban areas which helps to trap the heat in these areas further increasing the temperature. The aim of this investigation is to determine if Stourbridge is an urban heat island. From this aim the hypothesises can be drawn. Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between temperature and distance from the CBD of Stourbridge. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between temperature and distance from the CBD of Stourbridge. Development of a Strategy To prove/disprove the hypothesis of this investigation, temperature data needs to be recorded in the CBD of Stourbridge and in a near by rural area. Data also needs to be collected for points in between to give clearer results. This ought to be done on a
Outline and Evaluate Hardin's 'Lifeboat Ethics'.
Outline and Evaluate Hardin's 'Lifeboat Ethics'. In 'Lifeboat Ethics', Hardin puts forward an argument against helping the poor. He claims that the nations of the earth may be seen as a series of lifeboats with limited resources. The richer nations are well-managed and self-sufficient, whilst the lifeboats of the poorer countries are overburdened and overcrowded, so many of their people have fallen out and are in the sea around the richer lifeboats begging to be let in or given handouts. However, the lifeboats of the richer nations are limited in resources and do not have space to allow anyone else in. Whilst it may appear just to rescue the poorer people from the water or share wealth with them, this would result in disaster. The 'boat' would sink or the resources would run out, meaning that everyone would drown. Hardin thus argues that his metaphor demonstrates that, overall, it would be disastrous to help the poor; the world's resources would be exhausted and no-one would survive. However, it can be demonstrated that Hardin's argument fails on several grounds. Not only are many of the assumptions made by Hardin questionably accurate, the lifeboat metaphor itself is too. Hardin fails to represent the situation and the effects of his proposals as they truly are and his argument remains unconvincing. Indeed, by demonstrating his metaphor to be mistaken, it is possible to
Were the Five Year Plans successful?
Were the Five Year Plans successful? Stalin introduced the Five Year Plans for security because he believed the USSR was likely to be attacked and would there fore be defeated unless USSR is modernized, he wanted to be able to produce goods to export and bring in foreign currency. The Plans were drawn up by Gosplan, setting targets each industry had to meet in five years. Each factory would have its own targets to contribute to the overall target of that industry. Factories or industries that not succeed in meeting there targets were punished and those who did were rewarded. The 1st FYP was from 1928-32; the target was to double take output in heavy industry, e.g. coal, iron, oil and electricity. Although the targets were not met a substantial industrial growth was achieved. The 2nd FYP emphasised heavy industry but was also to consumer goods. The 3rd FYP emphasised consumer goods but targets were disrupted when Hitler invaded Russia which caused demands and preparation for re-armament for war. After the FYP the growth of industry had increased. The soviet industries had advanced; Russia was now the 2nd biggest industrial power in 1941 and was no longer an easy target for invasion, especially the Germans. New industrial centres developed and old areas were re developed, e.g. Magnitogorsk is a massive town producing steel, a hydro-electric dam was built on the
Outline the theories Malthus and Boserup on impacts of population growth.
Outline the theories Malthus and Boserup on impacts of population growth Thomas Robert Malthus and Ester Boserup had individual theories on population growth. Malthus Thomas Malthus was born in 1766 near London and worked as a clergyman along with being a professor. He also had strict religious views. He wrote an essay on 'The Principle of Population'. This essay was based on a theory of population growth. Thomas Malthus based his theory on two principles * In the absence of any checks, human population has the potential to row at a geometric rate (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on). In other words, populations can double every 25 years * Even in the most favorable circumstances, agricultural production can only be expected to increase at an arithmetic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, and so on) These two principles together made Malthus notice that something had to be done to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. Malthus said that there were only two kinds of checks that limited population growth; Preventative Checks - these are to reduce birth rate. Positive Checks - these are to increase the death rate Malthus had several ways of doing this. Preventative checks, the ways of doing this were; Moral Restraint, the aim of this one was that if you had a smaller family then when wealth was distributed it would be in larger amounts for each family member
Describe the global growth and geographical distribution of human population. Discuss the impacts that this growth has on both land and water resources?
Environmental Science 36E1 People and the Environment Autumn 2002 Student 1117083 Environmental Science 36E1 People and the Environment Autumn 2002 Student 1117083 Essay Title: Describe the global growth and geographical distribution of human population. Discuss the impacts that this growth has on both land and water resources? In the year 1999 the worlds population reached the 6 billion mark and the United Nations predict that by the year 2025 this will rise to 8 billion with a further rise in 2050 to 9.3 billion before it starts to stabilise at about 10.5 / 11 billion. (Fig 1.0) This exponential growth is a phenomenon that has only really come about during the last three hundred years or so. During prehistoric time the growth of the global population was very slow. However in the last 350 years, human population has dramatically increased, with most estimates indicating that about 90% of the worlds population growth has occurred during this time. Looking at the growth rate on a global scale we can form many opinions relating to the reasons for such an increase. The population growth can be directly attributed to advancements in health care, and hygiene that has resulted from scientific developments that have occurred from the mid eighteenth century to the present day. Such advancements have enabled crude mortality rates to decrease and life expectancy to increase
Geography Coursework - Introduction - Centre Of Leeds' CBD
[Year] Geography coursework The aim of my geography project is to find the economic centre of the CBD of Leeds (i.e. the area of highest value in the CBD of Leeds). First of all - what is a CBD? A CBD (central business district) is an area that dominates the commercial and cultural activity in a city. The CBD is normally found in the centre of a settlement where you can find a range of simple shops from cinemas, jewellers, department stores (e.g. Debenhams), offices, public buildings e.t.c, also this is the area of a town/city where businesses like to set up as it is the most accessible part of the settlement. In the beginning, Leeds began as a Saxon village. By the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it had a population of around 200. Then in 1207 the Lord of the Manor, Maurice De Gant, founded a new town in Leeds. At that time trade and commerce were increasing in England and many new towns were being founded The Lord of the Manor created a new street of houses west of the existing village. He divided the land into plots for building. The new street was probably called Bridge Gata (gata is an old word for street). And throughout time the Bridge Gate changed its name to Briggate. In the middle Ages fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year. People would come from all over Yorkshire to buy and sell at a Leeds fair. However many of the people in Leeds made
The Scott Report and the Making of the Modern Countryside - 'How penetrating was the Scott report's analysis of rural problems and what were the consequences of its recommendations?'
The Scott Report and the Making of the Modern Countryside 'How penetrating was the Scott report's analysis of rural problems and what were the consequences of its recommendations?' Nineteenth century Britain violently swung from being a predominantly agricultural society to being the "workshop of the world". Such a dramatic shift led to ramifications in all British factions especially the countryside. The Scott Report otherwise known as the Majority Report was published in 1942. It summed up the complex changes that had been taking place in rural England during the preceding half-century, and set out a series of plans and recommendations for the government to subsequently follow. The Report has been sited as the most influential document concerning the English countryside of the twentieth century. It has, however, not been without criticism. Many have been damning in their condemnation of the catastrophic impact it has had on the countryside in the following half century. Why is this so? The Scott Report was primarily the product of four men; Scott, Stamp, Hudson and Reath. The integrity of each has been called into question as much as the Report itself. Questions have even arisen whether the alleged author Scott actually wrote the report. Each contributor's bias, some would claim, is clearly visible in the message the report conveys. Hudson, for example, the Minister of
Cold environments may be developed in a sustainable manner. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Cold environments may be developed in a sustainable manner. To what extent do you agree with this statement? I disagree with this statement more than I agree with it. Cold environments in the world that were previously wilderness areas have undergone development, and nearly all of them have proved to be unsustainable. In the alpine areas, the mountains are a major magnet because of the scenery and the wide variety of winter sports that can take place there. The Alps have been developed as a tourist area. Although tourism benefits the area economically, it is socially and environmentally unsustainable. Tradition and culture has been eroded away because many young people now go down the mountains into urban areas in search of jobs. Even though the tourist industry has encouraged many young farmers to diversify out of rural and primary activities, many people still leave. Aside from that, the tourist industry brings with it unwanted pollution and litter and also causes footpath erosion. The tourist industry is also a potential hazard to the mountains and villages because the winter sports activities taking place there may cause avalanches. In the tundra or arctic regions, development has not been sustainable either, also both environmentally and socially. Gold, and particularly oil exploration and exploitation have scarred the fragile landscape. In 1968, the Trans-Alaskan
With reference to examples, evaluate the success of the schemes that have been implemented in an attempt to solve the problems of housing in cities in LEDC's
With reference to examples, evaluate the success of the schemes that have been implemented in an attempt to solve the problems of housing in cities in LEDC's Housing for the poor in the LEDC's are a great problem for the local authorities and this stands for most great LEDC cities such as, Chennai in India, Cairo, and Rio de Janeiro. The problems have arose from urbanization where the rural population has internally migrated to the cities in order for work in which they are not skilled enough to get. Therefore they have had to live in Shantytowns/Favelas/Slums. Chennai (formerly Madras) as a result of urban migration and high birth rates have caused a rapid increase in the population of Chennai although the rate has decreased in recent years the rapid growth has been mirrored by a rapid growth of slums in Chennai. Now about one third of the population lives in slums with the housing been made out of mud and coconut thatch. The Housing Board and the Slum Clearance Board initial schemes involved the building of four to six storey tenements however these largely failed due to poor maintenance and the lack of uptake as the disadvantaged could not afford high rents. Also if lower rents were implied the schemes would have been too costly. After the failure of these schemes the organizations implied new schemes and that was the upgrading of the slums by providing one bath and
