Referring to both pharmaceutical and tobacco companies, explain how transnational corporations can influence the health of people in countries at different stages of development.
Referring to both pharmaceutical and tobacco companies, explain how transnational corporations can influence the health of people in countries at different stages of development (15) Both pharmaceutical and tobacco companies can be transnational corporations and some wield enormous international power and influence covering over one hundred countries with billions of pounds worth of profit; in 2009, GlaxoSmithKline had a net income of approximately £6 billion! Some corporations have, for example, used their profits to help fight widespread diseases in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), such as GlaxoSmithKline's help in the fight against Lymphatic Filariasis in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Some have set up health programmes in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) to reduce common health problems in these areas, such as different types of cancer. However, some corporations only supply people with the means to deteriorate their health, such as some tobacco companies like British American Tobacco, especially in LEDCs, but both pharmaceutical & tobacco companies play an important role in the health of the world's people. A pharmaceutical company is a company, which develops, produces and markets drugs licenced for use as medications, so obviously these companies play a huge role in the health of people worldwide as they provide medication against diseases
Assess the impact of out-of-town centre retailing areas on the regions in which they occur
Assess the impact of out-of-town centre retailing areas on the regions in which they occur. (40 marks) Out-of-town retailing is a key development in the retail sector which can have both positive and negative impacts. Although it alters other retail areas within the same region irrevocably, out-of-town retailing also has many positive impacts, especially in terms of allowing more people access to a wider range of services. All major impacts must be examined in order to assess whether out-of-town centre retailing is beneficial to local regions or detrimental. Out-of-town centre retailing areas developed mainly in the 1990s on the periphery of large urban areas, often near major motorways. These centres followed on from the non-food retail parks which were built out-of-town during the 1980s due to spatial needs (for warehouses etc) and the desire for easy access. The change from town centre retailing to out-of-town centre retailing was driven by a number of factors. Increased mobility due to increases in ownership and use of the private car enabled people to reach out-of-town areas easily but also placed pressure on limited city centre parking. This need for affordable, spacious parking meant that out-of-town retail centres were the ideal solution: land was easily available and parking could therefore be much cheaper or even free (Meadowhall near Sheffield provides 12,000
Outline the relationship between plate movement and volcanic activity
Outline the relationship between plate movement and volcanic activity (10 marks) Volcanic activity mainly tends to occurs on the edge of plate margins, but could potentially occur at any location, such as Hawaii where the plate boundary is underneath a hot spot, which causes the Hawaiian chain islands. It is where the magma in the mantle breaks through the lithosphere to form extrusive landforms. Shield volcanoes can be formed due to subduction and they tend to start of as a submarine volcano (under water) at either an oceanic/ oceanic convergence or a hotspot. At a hotspot, the limited magma plumes rise and go in a circular motion due to the convection currents, this eventually lead to the plumes rising up through the mantle and break through the oceanic crust. Over a long period of time, the on-going movement of the plate i.e. Pacific plate and the stationary hotspot forms an chain of many volcanoes such as the Hawaiian Chain, where Hawaii being the youngest island currently formed. At a oceanic/ oceanic convergence, the subduction of the oceanic plate tends to increase pressure in the Benioff Zone, which leads to partial melting of the plate, this is similar to composite and calderas as O-O convergence is destructive along with calderas and composite. They tend to have gentle and predictable eruptions which can cause to build up a large amount of flows, where the lava is
Natural disasters and a lack of resources are the main causes of global poverty. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Natural disasters and a lack of resources are the main causes of global poverty. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Poverty can defined in many ways, but one method globally accepted is the International Poverty Line. A country is said to be under the line if, on average, people earn less than US$1.08 per day, measured in terms of purchasing power parity. Although natural disasters are particularly competent at causing huge scale destruction, it is difficult to support the claim that they are the main cause of poverty as the USA, arguably the most developed country in the world, has had a troubled past in regards to major disasters. Similarly, although a lack of resources can be a strain on a developing country, there are more important explanations for poverty, such as colonialism, unfair trade, war, political instability and AIDS. The most significant cause of global poverty is colonialism, in particular that which occurred during the late 19th century. From 1450 European powers began invading and colonising countries, culminating in the 'scramble for Africa' in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, European powers controlled 85% of the world. The most well known Empire being the British Empire, covering nearly a quarter of the Earth's total land surface, including countries such as India, Malaysia and Uganda. Colonialism was so significant by stunting
The Environmental Impact of Tourism and Recreation is almost always harmful. Discuss
The Environmental Impact of Tourism and Recreation is almost always harmful. Discuss. ( June 2001) The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism's relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. There are three main impact areas. One of these is the depletion of natural resources, such as water. In dryer regions like the Mediterranean, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern. Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to
Case study of infectious disease - malaria and its effects on Kenya.
Case Study of Infectious disease: Malaria What is the disease, and where did it originate? Malaria is a tropical disease spread by night-biting mosquitoes. When a mosquito infected with malaria parasites (plasmodia) bites you, it injects the parasites into your body. (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malaria/Pages/Introduction.aspx) The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to coma or death. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) The specific data of where malaria originated from is unknown; but Malaria has been infecting humans for at least 500 million years, and may have existed as a pathogen in other species for even longer. For this reason it is impossible to know where the first cases of malaria appeared. While the earliest references to a malaria-like illness come from China that is by no means an indication that malaria originated in Asia. (http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_parasite.htm) How does the disease spread? Malaria is spread by female mosquitoes. The parasite which causes malaria is found in the female mosquito's saliva. When a person is bitten by a female mosquito, the parasite enters the
Discuss the Extent to which it is possible to measure developement.
.DISCUSS THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE DEVELOPEMENT. Development can be measured in many ways. Before being able to review the ways in which it can be measured and the extent to which the ways allow it to be measured, it is necessary to define 'development' itself. The definition of development clearly influences how it is measured; development is defined as 'the process of change operating over time.'1 Traditionally the term 'development' was synonymous with economic growth and it was seen as the process by which countries and societies advance and become richer. From this more traditional theory, the three worlds evolved, in which the First and Second Worlds were advanced or developing nations and the Third World counties were the undeveloped or developing nations. Traditional measurements of development focused on economic data, to show economic growth, and the acquisition of wealth, using indices such as GDP and GNP per capita. Over time, people have realised that the development of a country is not determined by its economy, although still it is a major part. People realised that to look at development, people need to look at factors which affect the quality of life; social indicators such as health, education, and well-being and political factors such as people's personal freedom. It is all good and well to say that development is more that just
Increase in leisure time for many individuals.
Increase in leisure time for many individuals Time available for leisure activities Time is essential element for all forms of leisure and recreational activities. The leisure and recreation industry under took a growth burst in the 1960s from this an expansion in the amount of free time people have for leisure has grown. People cant quite work out how the amount of free time has raised so much. This table shows the time people have for leisure between 1971-1996. % Change over period 971-81 981-91 991-6 971-96 Leisure Time Total leisure hours in the UK +6 +2 +2 +10 Leisure hours, average per person +5 nil nil +5 This table shows that over a 25-year period to 1996, the total leisure time in the UK has only risen by 10 percent. The leisure time per person has grown at an average rate of just 0.2 percent a year since 1971, regardless of the huge increases of consumer spending on leisure. The amount of leisure time available to the majority of people in the UK increased steadily up to the early 1970s, but has levelled of since then. The main reasons why leisure time increased up to the 1970s were increasing amounts of annual holiday entitlement, and a gradual reduction in the weekly working hours for most of full time workers. Since the 1970s other factors have had a greater influence on the availability of time, such as: * Flexible work patterns * The use of
The problems of Glasgow's inner city
The problems of Glasgow's inner city and what has been done to try and solve the problems Glasgow is located in the south of Scotland; it is the largest city in Scotland with a population of 630,000. There have been many changes in industry and city planning throughout its history. Glasgow was founded in the 19th century. It was a good settlement sit because it was located near the River Clyde which was essential for trade and fishing. Nearby coalfields made the city successful. One fifth of all the ships in the world were built in Glasgow. It was said that Glasgow "provided the world with ships". Glasgow's main products included coal, iron and steel. The city was very successful and made lots of money. Most of the money was spent putting up lots of new buildings. Everything changed towards the 20th century mainly because of the two world wars. The city's industry stopped producing so much money and there was a high number of unemployment. There were no work for years. The city was a disaster, large areas of housing in the city were among the worst in Britain. The quality of employment declined. Skilled steel workers are out of job and working on the River Clyde was hard work which never paid enough. People were living in slum conditions. The old Victorian houses were wearing out and were beyond repair. Tenements became the most popular type of building in Glasgow.
Assess the costs and benefits of one river management scheme you have studied
Assess the costs and benefits of one river management scheme (15 Marks) There are various arguments for and against the management of the Mississippi and in particular the method of hard engineering used. The Mississippi drains approximately one third of the USA and is a major transport route therefore it is essential that the river is managed efficiently in order to protect jobs, businesses and homes. Although the management failed in 1993 the volume of water was not accounted for, the sporadic volume was not designed to be matched by the management. In effect the budget was set out to prevent specifically flood of a lower volume of water, it can be argued that up until the 1993 floods it was working perfectly. In addition an argument against the management of Mississippi that floods have gotten worse was proved false as records at the time were inaccurate. It was also suggested that some levee's breaking may have saved towns further upstream. Furthermore the jobs created by the construction of levees, flood walls and wing dykes and other management techniques have boosted the economy. There was also extremely hazardous antecendent conditions that could not be predicted, there was 200% more rain than usual for the particular time of year and people were unprepared in the west were flooding is uncommon, this could not be accounted for when managing the floods for the
