The Memory Process. This paper will describe a memory test using numbers, letters, and words and analyze results of the test, as well as explain the concepts of working memory, short term memory, and long term memory.
The Memory Process Encoding data into the mind is the general process of memory. In other words, memory is the capability to program, accumulate and remember things. The three central methods of memory are to encode, store, and recall. Three kinds of encoding are used to process information for storage. The first is to hear the information, which is called acoustic. The second is imagery or what is seen and the third is information that is meaningful known as semantic. Memory is ultimately held in storage until such time the information is needed and then it is recalled. This paper will describe a memory test using numbers, letters, and words and analyze results of the test, as well as explain the concepts of working memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It will also offer an explanation of encoding and retrieval in the memory process and how they relate to this memory test and the results. Lastly, this paper will evaluate variables connected to encoding information and ease of retrieval as they relate to this test and the results. Concepts of Working Memory The concept of working memory was developed as a progression and expansion of the former theory of short-term memory. In particular, the working-memory model suggests four elements. The short-term storage of data happens in the visuospatial or the phonological memory, both a storage barrier in a diverse
Define short-term memory and describe the main factors that influence the number of items recalled from short-term memory. Evaluate Nairne's theory relative to traditional theories, clearly stating your criteria for evaluation.
Define short-term memory and describe the main factors that influence the number of items recalled from short-term memory. Evaluate Nairne's theory relative to traditional theories, clearly stating your criteria for evaluation. Memory has always been an area of psychology to receive a great deal of attention. In 1890, William James [2], stated that there were two components to the human memory. He made the distinction between a 'primary' memory, now termed short-term memory and a secondary memory, now termed long-term memory. Eysenck and Keane (2002 [3]) state that the primary memory relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived and forms part of the psychological present. They then state that secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness and are therefore part of the psychological past (Eysenck and Keane 2002 [3]). In the 1960's a major debate surfaced about whether the short-term memory and long-term memory worked independently of each other or whether they were a part of the same unitary system. Many theories were developed on this basis and there is a great deal of evidence to support the fact that they work independently and have very separate functions. As a result of this debate, many researchers became interested in the concept of short-term memory. Through experimental evidence it became apparent
Outline and evaluate nature of short term memory using studies e.g. capacity, duration and encoding.
Outline and evaluate nature of short term memory using studies e.g. capacity, duration and encoding. Short term memory is a system for storing information for a short period of time before important bits of information are transferred to the long term memory. There are differing opinions on the exact nature of short term memory with some researchers (e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) stating that STM is simply a temporary storage depot for incoming information with others (e.g. Baddeley 1986) preferring to use the term 'working memory' to indicate its flexible aspects. STM has a limited capacity in that we can only hold a small number of items at any one time. According to Miller's 'magic number seven', most people's capacity for remembering sequences of digits, letters, words or even larger chunks of information is seven in a sequence-plus or minus two. There are a number of factors that can affect capacity, including the influence of long term memory as it causes difficulties in using the immediate digit span as a measure of STM capacity due to the fact that, as illustrated by Bower and Winzenz (1969), digit strings that are repeated within a series of immediate memory span trials become progressively easier for participants to recall therefore proving that information stored in the LTM is helping to increase STM capacity temporarily, the influence of reading aloud as it
Multi-store model and working memory model
Multi-store Model and the Working Memory Model Models of Memory The Multi-store Model of Memory The multi-store model (MSM) was designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It says that there is actually more than one kind of memory. Multi-store model has three parts: sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory Memory is the type of memory that receives and stores information about the world from our senses. Information lasts just as long enough for it to be transferred to STM (1-3 seconds). The visual system possesses iconic memory for visual stimuli such as shape, size, colour and location (but not meaning), whereas the hearing system has echoic memory for auditory part of sensory memory. Short-term Memory is the type of memory where information is selected by attention from sensory memory, may pass into short term memory (STM). This allows us to retain information (acoustically) long enough to use it, e.g. looking up a telephone number and remembering it long enough to dial it. Peterson and Peterson (1959) have demonstrated that STM last approximately between 15 and 30 seconds, unless people rehearse the material, while Miller (1956) has found that STM has a limited capacity of around 7+/-2 'chunks' of information. STM also appears to mostly encode memory acoustically (in terms of sound) as Conrad (1964) has demonstrated, but can also
Describe and Evaluate 2 Models Of Memory
Describe and Evaluate 2 Models Of Memory In this essay 2 models of memory will be described and compared. They are the Atkinson and Sniffrin model of memory, the Multistore model, and Crain and Lockhart model, the Levels of Processing Model. Models of memory are primitive diagrams of human memory to help understand the flow of information and how it is stored. In order to evaluate those 2 models appropriately it is important to understand how old they are. The Multistore Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin is a very primitive model although it does try to explain how the memory works quite well. It recognises 3 memory stores - the Sensory Memory Store, the short-term memory store and the long-term memory store. The environment makes available a variety of sources of information. The information comes in through the sensory system - through one of the five human senses. For a brief time it gets stored in the sensory memory store; 2 seconds for auditory and 0.5 second for visual information. It is an exact copy of the stimulus, although it lasts for a very short time. The experiment done by Sperling in 1960, where he showed a quick image to the participants and asked them to write the answers down, supports the theory of existence of the Sensory memory store, as participants could only remember 36% of the image on average. According to the model, if attention is paid to
Memory Consolidation and REM Sleep.
Memory Consolidation and REM Sleep Aldous Huxley's Brave New World considers the possibility of humans learning simply by listening to recorded messages played during their sleep. Can learning really be this simple? What is the role of sleep in learning and memory? It is known that sleep exists in two phases, REM and Non REM sleep. It is speculated that Non REM sleep is the time that the body and brain use to rebuild themselves after a long period of wakefulness (1). REM sleep, however cannot be easily explained. Scientists have speculated that REM sleep performs many functions among them development of the brain, synthesis of neuro-proteins, and coordination of eye movements (1). This paper will explore one specific function of REM sleep: the role in memory consolidation. There are many theories floating around the internet, but no common truths about the mechanisms of how the brain serves to remember events of the day during REM sleep. REM sleep is a period late in the sleep cycle in which the brain and body become active, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. The eyes shudder quickly back and forth, giving this stage the name Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. Electroencephalograph patterns for REM sleep are much like those during wakefulness, and include many fast beta-rhythms (2). It may even be that the brain works harder during REM sleep than when awake (3). REM
Outline and Evaluate the Multi Store Model of Memory.
'Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory' 12 Marks Created by Atkinson and Shriffin in 1968, the multi-store model proposes that memory consists of three 'stores'. Information from around us (sensory input) initially goes into the sensory memory store. A lot of what goes into the sensory memory store we don't even realise: things we see around us, sights, smells, everyday things. But, if you pay attention to these details, they will go into your short-term memory store. This short term memory store only has a limited capacity (the amount of information it can take) and duration (the length of time it can hold this information for), which means that either it is lost, or it is transferred into the long-term memory store. In order to do this, we need to rehearse it, for example, when you revise for exams, you go over things again and again, in order to store the information in your long-term memory, and remember it in the future. However, in everyday life, remembering things such as a particular smell isn't something which you need to do repeatedly in order to remember it, which suggests that the model lacks mundane realism. In day to day life, we don't spend time rehearsing information, which begs the question; does information have to pass through your short term memory store and then be rehearsed to reach your long term memory store? Furthermore, this model
Outline and Evaluate the Multi Store Model of Memory.
Outline and Evaluate the Multi Store Model of Memory. The multi store model of memory was first introduced by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) It is a structural model that suggests that memory consists of 3 different stores of memory. Firstly Sensory memory. This lasts for a fraction of a second and we use it to focus on specific stimuli, such as focusing on a specific person's voice in a loud environment. It has 3 main parts, the iconic (visual), echoic (sound) and haptic (feeling/touch). This information moves to your short term memory. The short term memory has little capacity (7 plus or minus 2 items) and a short duration, so if information is not rehearsed, it can be forgotten. The STM is encoded mainly acoustically (sound). When information from the STM is rehearsed it is moved to the Long Term Memory. This had an unlimited capacity and its duration is up to a lifetime. The LTM is semantically encoded (meaning). Interference may occur for words similar in meaning, and sound or spelling, for example for 2 brothers named Jack and Joe others may get the names mixed up because they have similar meaning and both begin with J and so are stored similarly in the LTM. Research evidence for the existence of sensory memory can be found in the studies of psycholigists Baddeley and Sperling. Baddely (1968) investigated the iconic store. He had the hypothesis that the iconic store is
Describe and evaluate the Multi-store Model of memory.
Mos Albayaty - LKP Psychology - IGB THE MULIT-STORE MODEL OF MEMEORY Question: Describe and evaluate the Multi-store Model of memory. The multi-store model of memory was the idea of Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968/71. Atkinson and Shiffrin suggested that memory was compromised of three separate stores - the Sensory Memory store, the Short-term Memory (STM) store, and the Long-term Memory (LTM) store. They presented a diagram to show this. According to this model, memory is characterised as a flow of information through a system. The system is divided into a set of stages, and information passes through each stage in a fixed sequence. There are capacity and duration limitations at each stage and transfer between stages may require recoding. When a stimulus impinges our senses (such as reading these words, which are of course, received by the eyes) it goes through the Sensory Store, passing onto the STM store, and then possibly onto the LTM store. This is the order. Much of this information will be lost en route. To recall the information, such as what you have just read, it is needed to pass back from the LTM, to the STM (in reverse order). The Sensory Memory holds information for a very short time. It takes rapidly passing impressions of light, sound, smell etc. and preserves them just long enough for them to be recognised. It is the attention system. Any
Outline the multi-store model of memory and consider its strengths and limitations
Outline the multi-store model of memory and consider its strengths and limitations (18marks) The multi store model of memory is an explanation of the flow of information through a series of stages. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) believed that memory involved three different stores. These being sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. They believed that to transfer information into the short-term memory it needs to be attended to (attention is focused on the information in sensory memory) and to transfer information from short-term memory into long-term memory the information needs to be rehearsed. Atkinson and Shiffrin found that when information passes through these stores it can be lost by forgetting. Their findings were that in sensory memory information is lost through decay, in short-term memory information is lost through displacement and in long-term memory information is lost as an affect of interference. Atkinson and Shiffrin also believed that rehearsal is needed for information to be transferred to long-term memory and how well it is rehearsed will determine how effective recall is. There are many strengths to consider in terms of the multi store model of memory. Previous studies such as Milner (1966 study of HM) and Baddeley (1997 Clive Wearing) support the theory that long-term memory and short-term memory are very different and separate systems.
