Drawing upon one or more case studies, examine the role played by women during a violent conflict, and compare this with their role during the post-settlement peace building process.
Drawing upon one or more case studies, examine the role played by women during a violent conflict, and compare this with their role during the post-settlement peace building process. This essay will examine the role that women have played in a violent liberation/revolutionary struggle and the role they played in peace building and in the building of a new society after the conflict. I will be using the example of Eritrean liberation as my case study. War, armed conflict, revolution and struggles for independence have often been seen as men's business. In fact women have always been centrally involved in all of these activities, playing both active and passive roles - as aggressor and victim - just as men have. Most of the history of war and peace has women and men playing out the traditional roles that most societies have ascribed to them, although there have always been exceptional men and women who have stepped outside the norms. In the vast majority of cases, however, we can analyse women's and men's involvement in war as separate and different from each other. In most cases, wherever in the world, or whatever the time, the role that women have played has been generally similar. Over the last century there have been a large number of conflicts that have been fought as liberation struggles - either to liberate a nation from colonial rule, like Zimbabwe and Algeria;
B.R. Chopras interpretative rendition of Ludhianvis poem in the movie Sadhna, aims to symbolically capture this subtle irony. He uses light, mirrors, statues and choreography to capture both the essence of Ludhianvis poem and to subtly mock
Aurat By Sahir Ludhianvi (1958) Aurat ne janam diya mardon ko 2 Mardon ne ussey bazaar diya 3 Jab jee chaha masla kuchla 4 Jab jee chaha dutkaar diya 5 Tulti hai kaheen dinaron mein 6 Biktee hai kaheen bazaaron mein 7 Nangee nachvayee jaati hai 8 Ayashon ke darbaron mein 9 Yeh voh beizaat cheez hai jo 0 Bat jaati hai izaat daron mein 1 Mardon ke liye har zulam ravan 2 Aurat ke liye rona be khataa 3 Mardon ke liye lakhon sezein 4 Aurat ke liye bas eik chitah 5 Mardon ke liye har aish ka haq 6 Aurat ke liye jeena bhi sazah 7 Jin hothon ne inko pyaar diya 8 Un hothon ka beopaar kiya 9 Jis kokh mein inka jism dhalaa 20 Us kokh ka karobaar kiya 21 Jis tan se ughe kopal banke 22 Us tan ko zaleelo khaar kiya 23 Mardon ne banayee jo rasme 24 Unko haq ka furmaan diya 25 Aurat ke zindaa jalne ko 26 Qurbaani aur balidaan kaha 27 Kismat ke badle roti di 28 Aur isko bhi ehsaan kaha 29 Sansaar ki har aik behsharmee 30 Gurbat ki godh mein palti hai 31 Chaklon mein hee ah ke rukti hai 32 Phakon se jo raah nikal ti hai 33 Mardon ki hawas hai jo aksar 34 Aurat ke paap mein dhal ti hai 35 Aurat hi sansaar ki ksmet hai 36 Phir bhi taqdeer ki haitee hai 37 Avtaar peyambar janti hai 38 Phir bhi shaitaan ki beti hai 39 Yeh voh badkismet maa hai jo 40 Beton ki sejj peh laitee hai
Roman Project
CONTENTS . Introduction a. Who were the Romans b. When and where did they invade c. Pirate trouble 2. The Roman Army a. Who was in the army b. Types of Soldiers c. Types of Regiments d. Uniform and Weapons e. Making a Camp f. Sieges g. Frontiers 3. Roman Roads a. Who Built The Roads b. How Roads Were Built 4. Roman Towns a. Houses b. Forum c. Basilicas d. Amphitheatres e. Baths f. Sewer System 5. Entertainment a. Pastimes b. The Theatre c. Chariot Racing d. Gladiatorial Combat. 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography INTRODUCTION WHO WERE THE ROMANS The story of the Roman Empire began about 2700 years ago, in small villages on hills above the River Tiber in Italy. The people of these villages founded the mighty Roman Empire. According to legend twin brothers called Romulus and Remus were taken from their mother and left by the river Tiber to starve. A mother wolf found the babies and looked after them until they were old enough to take care of themselves. The boys founded Rome. About 590BC the Romans set up a republic and created a strong army. They began to conquer their neighbours. The capital of this state was Rome, a city built on seven hills. Here was the Forum, or meeting place, and the Senate, or parliament. There were temples, markets, triumphal arches, and villas (large houses). The language of Rome was Latin. In 45BC
So why History of Ideas?
So why History of Ideas? "Pure shite". Numerous people have told me that to grab the reader's attention, an essay should always begin with a quote, preferably of the original sort. That particular one is my friend's summary of her 1st year subject choice of Philosophy in UCD Arts. "A load of pretentious eejits (her actual words have been edited for obscenities) waffling on about post-modernism and for some reason rabbit's fur. Weirdoes the lot of them." In fact, at this stage, I wasn't even sure that the class was related to philosophy at all; that was just the rumour circulating throughout the Communications class. I was almost at the stage of playing paper-rock-scissors to decide between History of Ideas and Semiotics. So I asked the 'valuable' opinion of my friend who had (barely) passed the subject. Considering her opinions on the bus home, I came to the conclusion that they might be a little biased for various reasons: a) She went to a grand total of 5 lectures on the subject in both semesters combined. b) She greatly resented the ones that she had actually graced with her presence, as they were at the ungodly hour of 11am- and on a Thursday no less (you may know that Wednesday is student night with lots of drinks promotions). c) She was in the pub at the time I asked her, hiding from her Economics lecture, so the cider she had grown to appreciate during
Can the term Romanisation describe the cultural and political processes that took place in Athens under the Roman Principate? If yes, analyse the various parameters and how Romanisation manifested. If no, explain the changes and
Can the term 'Romanisation' describe the cultural and political processes that took place in Athens under the Roman Principate? If yes, analyse the various parameters and how Romanisation manifested. If no, explain the changes and the nature of the phenomenon. Content: Page 2: Contents Page Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Constitutional reform Page 7: Athenian numismatics - processes and identity through the study of coins Page 9: The combination of Greek and Roman identities through Ceramics Page 12: Change in Athenian Architecture Page 14: Changes in religious worship Page 16: Other Cultural Processes: Changes in education, festivities and sports Page 18: Changes in Athenian Housing Page 19: Conclusion Page 21: Bibliography - Ancient Authors Page 22: Bibliography - Modern Authors Introduction: In Athens and Rome, we have two of the most keenly studied cities in the ancient world. In 146 BC, the Roman Republic exerted hegemony over Greece entirely, but this was only until 86 BC when Athens was crushed and sacked by Sulla during the Mithridatic wars and, in turn, Greece was annexed into the new Roman Empire in 27 BC as the province of Achaea under Augustus. The approach taken by early to mid 20th century scholars (such as Francis Haverfield) was that after the defeat and subjugation of a culture or people, a phase of 'Romanisation' began in a newly annexed
Quasi-Names and Definite Descriptions.
QUASI-NAMES AND DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS In logic we say that a certain set of words is used by speakers of a language in order to refer to things or people: this is the class of designators1. Such class is further divided into (a) proper names, (b) non-count nouns, (c) singular personal pronoun, and (d) definite descriptions2. It is my opinion, however, that there should be another type of designator, which occupies an intermediate position between proper names and definite descriptions. This designator is identical to proper names in function but also looks very similar to a definite description as to the shape it assumes. I shall call such type of designators quasi-names. The name and the inspiration of it are clearly borrowed from Strawson's well-known paper called On Referring3. In the second part of this essay, I wish to consider a new approach to definite descriptions on the basis of the consequences that the analysis of quasi-names should bring about. I) Quasi-names To begin with, let us take a closer look at Strawson's suggestion that quasi-names, which he also calls 'impure' proper names, hold an intermediate position between proper names and definite descriptions according to "the degree of descriptive meaning they possess". The passage is as follows: "The pure name has no descriptive meaning [...]. Substantival phrases like 'the round table' have the maximum
Examine the emergence of 'urban African Culture'
Examine the Emergence of Urban African Culture Throughout the twentieth century, the migration of a large proportion of South Africa’s population from rural ‘homelands’ into the colony’s rapidly expanding urban centres is an historical phenomenon that largely shaped the country’s social structure and had a profound effect on the family and gender ideologies held by the South African people. Black migration to the cities had been taking place as early as the 1850s, but with the development of the migrant labour system and the detrimental effects this had on many rural familial structures, as well as a variety of other factors, the 1930s and 1940s witnessed the movement of African people and their subsequent urbanisation on a far larger scale.[1] This surge of immigration was marked by a distinctive feature that caused both black tribal chiefs and white colonial administrators considerable worry and which, given the patriarchal nature of South African society, has attracted much scholarly attention; the dominance of females amongst the immigrant population. By 1951, the number of black females living in the towns had more than tripled since 1921, with more than twenty-one percent of all African females living in urban areas, and the urbanisation of black females was taking place much more rapidly than that of males.[2] The subordinate position held by women in South
Women's Lives in Ancient Greece
Women's Lives in Ancient Greece ? Veronica Diaz-Reinhagen From Myth to History Professor Celeste Lovette Guichard ? By and large, Greek women have been regarded as inferior and given fewer opportunities than men throughout history. However, it would be a mistake to generalize about their lives in Ancient Greece. While women were, in fact, considered less worthy than men in their treatment and status; prospects were far from the same in all Greek territories. Furthermore, their legal, economic and social status also varied from one historical age to another. To construct a realistic judgment about what women's lives might have been like is extremely complex. The surviving evidence is not only incomplete; but also generally from Athenian sources only. Since Athens was one of the biggest and most influential cities, early modern scholars assumed that it was safe to use its traditions as an all-purpose model of social behavior. Based on this approach, the lives of Greek women in most city-states would have been very similar to those of the Athenians. In opposition, the customs of Spartans were considered odd and bizarre. Later research, however, looks at the above position quite skeptically and feels that while Spartans were; in fact, more liberal and treated their women relatively better, the Athenians were uncommonly conservative and restrictive in their ways.
The geopolitical differences of the Netherlands and Germany seemed to have formed the origin or established the roots
Close Neighbours - Distant Relations Tracing back the Dutch-German relationship Paper Dossier Part One: Social Relations and their Origins (c) Mat Rijnders European Studies, 2F Paper Dossier Part One Re-examination Professor T. Blom 2.08.2005 Sophie Wulk i262129 Pigeonhole 10 [email protected] Table of Contents . Introduction page 3 2. Geopolitical Developments Compared page 5 2.1 The Impact of the Reformation page 5 2.2 Independence of 'The Seven United Provinces' page 7 2.3 Political Development in Germany page 8 2.4 Comparing Geopolitical Backgrounds page 9 3. Religious Disparities page 10 3.1 Lutheranism page 10 3.2 Calvinism page 11 3.3 The Seedbed for Religious Developments page 12 3.4 The Theory of Max Weber page 13 3.5 The Religions in the Countries page 14 4. Conclusion page 17 5. References page 19 . Introduction At first sight it is not possible to distinguish Dutch and German nationals. Thus, it is tempting to assume that they are not only similar in appearance but also in cultural terms. However, this paper aims at comparing these two nations to show that there are differences and distances. Most people might not expect divergent cultures or traditions when contrasting the two. And true, from the outward, strong differences cannot be detected. Yet, despite
Decision Points by George W. Bush and A Journey by Tony Blair. Are political diaries and memoirs useful contributors to the historical record
Are political diaries and memoirs useful contributors to the historical record? The use of a diary or memoir and its usefulness in contributing to the historiography of an event is a topic that is much debated by historians as whilst they do provide one with the motives behind the decision taken by a politician there are many unforeseen problems that a historian must comprehend before a true understanding can be gleaned. These problems can include bias and also the stance taken by an author who is most likely to have been a key influence on the event. This is especially true if the author was a former leader. If for example the decision that they took was criticised then it is likely that the stance the author adopts would be defensive thus jeopardising the truthfulness of the event as the author portrays them. Likewise, this would also be the case if the decision taken by a politician proved to be popular as it has the potential for the author to expand on the truth so that they seem to be an even bigger influence than they actually were. With this in mind, a project has been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of political diaries or memoirs in its contribution to the historical record with an analysis made of two more recent memoirs - "Decision Points" by George W. Bush and "A Journey" by Tony Blair - so that an understanding can be provided for the decision to
