EU Enlargement and Turkey
Sectoral Strategies : EU- enlargement ; Turkish enlargement policy June 2011 Index. EU's communication enlargement Policy 3 Background 3 The process 5 Turkey's European Union communication strategy. 7 Turkey's prospective as a possible member of the EU 7 Date Map 7 Financial help from the EU to Turkey 10 EU-Turkey Civil Society Dialogue 12 Transformation of Turkey 13 Turkey's Identity and Security Culture in the Path to Europe 13 The Role of the USA 17 Conclusions 20 Bibliography 21 . EU's communication enlargement Policy Background Since the
International cooperation against drugs. We will see at first what are the international organizations involved in anti-drug fight, then we will look at ways and policies used to pursue their actions and especially study the case of the FTAA. Finally, we
International Organizations Against Drug Traffic A cross-border cooperation fighting a transnational scourge. Universitat - Pompeu Fabras RELACIONES INTERGUBERNAMENTALES Problematic Consumed for millennia for medicinal or recreational purpose, it was during the twentieth century that drugs took the path of illegality. Until then, the phenomenon was not seen as a "problem" because it did not affect economy and politics as today and its consumption is now no longer only concerning a small number of marginalized groups. From the beginning of the century, the international community, under pressure of the United States, signed several treaties and protocols to address the drug problem then represented as a stream pervasive, complex and transnational. It is from the 1960s that the United Nations turned his efforts on establishing a legislative and administrative system to fight against the phenomenon: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971, United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. The drug is considered as a real public problem that constitutes a serious threat to the health or life of users. Moreover, drug trafficking has become an international issue closely linked to other forms of criminal activity, affecting the economic underpinnings, cultural and
Critically compare and contrast the democratisation of Egypt and Saudi Arabia
0307165 Critically compare and contrast the democratisation of Egypt and Saudi Arabia The purpose of this essay will not be to attempt to answer whether or not the process of democratisation in Egypt or Saudi Arabia will ever bear fruit in terms of a democratic system for either or both of these countries. The purpose of this essay is merely to explore the similarities and differences between Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the bundle of developments known collectively as democratisation. That is not to say that I will not be making my own judgements as to the effectiveness of such developments or the motives behind them if I believe that they affect their significance. In this essay I shall argue that the most The bulk of this essay will be devoted to discussing issues of political participation and human rights, as I believe these to be central in the process of democratisation. The first question we must therefore ask ourselves is 'what is democratisation?' To put it simply, democratisation is "the process of moving from an authoritarian1 to a democratic political system."2 Obviously, however, this definition is of little help unless we also define what we mean by democracy. I would argue that the characteristics of democracy can be divided into two broad types, what I would call procedural and normative. By procedural I mean purely related to the mechanisms of
The International Economy, International Regimes and the Relations of Global Disparities
Political Science 207 PART I . The International Economy, International Regimes and the Relations of Global Disparities The key to understanding the international political economy is the understanding of the nature of International regimes. Stephen D. Krasner defines regimes as sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, roles and decision making processes around which actors expectations converge in a given area of international relations. In addition to Krasner, Kal Hosti proposes that regimes exist when the following three factors are present: Firstly, perceptions of community interest must be apparent (such as state interests). Secondly, a notion of a common destiny for the regime and the allocation of where the regime will fit within the international system are critical. Lastly, there must be a clear sense that self-restraint is necessary to achieve a common goal among international actors. Regimes are, however, not the same as international law or international organizations. These are simply examples of one of the elements that make up part of the regime. Regimes are more flexible than law. Law comes out of legal principles; regimes are explicitly political creations. Oran Young further defines regimes as containing the following functions: Firstly, that they are comprised of set standards that are measurable and quantifiable, for example percentage
Write a report tracing social policy development in any 'post colonial' country - South Africa.
Students are required to write a report tracing social policy development in any 'post colonial' country. Students should focus on one of the following areas: . Health 2. Education 3. Social security/ Anti-poverty strategy The report should address the following issues: . Background- History of colonialisn/ Independence in the chosen country 2. Students should analyse; (i) The impact of the 'colonising' country on chosen area of social policy. (ii) The impact of post-colonial political ideology and social conditions on chosen area of social policy in: A. The immediate period following 'independence'; B. The 1980's onwards (iii) The continuing impact of post-colonial influences such as 'globalisation' and the World Bank on chosen area of social policy. South Africa Introduction (i) Aims and Objectives The main aims and objectives of this report are to trace the development of social security/anti-poverty policy in South Africa. In order to do this, it is first necessary to explore the history of colonialism in this country, as this will help to put this study into context. Chapter one will hope to accomplish this feat, as well as briefly investigating the reasons why and how South Africa acceded to independence, as this will hopefully make the policy decisions since (in the given area to be investigated) more transparent. Chapter two will address South
Resolving the Hungarian minority Issue in Slovakia
Resolving the Hungarian minority Issue in Slovakia by Zuzana Adamekova 8.04.2004 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Historical background and underlying causes 4-6 . 'Magyarization' of the Slovaks 2. Czechoslavakia and re-Slovakization 3. From the birth of Slovakia until today The Hungarian minority in the eyes of the majority Slovaks 6-8 . United Nations and minorities 2. Slovakia's perception of the Hungarian minority The position of the Hungarian minority and their aspirations 9-10 International Mechanisms and the European Union 10-12 . The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 2. European Convention for Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 3. Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Institutional solutions: 'Europeanization' and regionalization 12-15 . Europeanization and the Committee of the Regions 2. Central Eastern Europe and the importance of nationalism 3. Slovakia: Europeanization and Regionalization as a solution to the minority problem Conclusion 15-16 Bibliography 17 Introduction The distinguishing feature of democratization in the post-communist countries is the on-going search for identity at the center of political life. These countries tend to define their national identity through past experiences, which is
A Discussion of Aid and Development in Zimbabwe.
CONTENTS Introduction page 2-3 World Bank page 3-8 Non-Governmental Organisations page 8-11 Government, politics and aid page 11-15 Corruption page 15-16 Conclusion page 16-17 Bibliography page 17-18 A Discussion of Aid and Development in Zimbabwe. Introduction Zimbabwe is located in Southern Africa between South Africa and Zambia and also boarders with Botswana and Mozambique. The country has many resources available for exploitation, such as coal, gold, iron ore and copper. However, this is a country that is frequently plagued with devastating droughts. This has a huge effect on its 11,000,000 population, of which 8,000,000 are dying of starvation (www.news.bbc.co.uk). Zimbabwe was initially a British Colony and in 1961 there was a constitution that favoured the control of Zimbabwe to whites, by 1965 Zimbabwe had declared itself independent from Britain, however this was not recognised by the UK. In 1979 there was a UN sanction and an uprising by guerrilla groups leading to free elections and finally
Account for the resurgence of the extreme right in France since 1981.
Account for the resurgence of the extreme right in France since 1981. The Front National (FN), the most significant party of the extreme right in France , have enjoyed an extraordinary increase in support during the 1980's, reaching levels of electoral success not even approached by any elements of the far right since the 5th Republic's inception. From its low-point in 1981 when the FN's leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, could not even muster the 500 sponsors necessary for him to mount a Presidential challenge (and the FN's poor showing in the ensuing legislative elections), it underwent a spectacular turnaround to achieve consistent levels of electoral support of around 10% from the 1983 local elections onwards. The European elections of 1984 were a major national breakthrough and, as a rebuke to those sceptics who dismissed their appeal as simply a protest vote in local or relatively 'unimportant' contexts, the 1986 legislative elections (in which the FN entered the National Assembly for the first time with 35 seats) and the Presidential elections of 1988, confirmed that they were more than a 'flash in the pan' phenomenon. In each of these instances they were able to attract between 8 and 11% of the vote nationally, with much higher levels in various constituencies, and establish themselves as a significant 'player' in the French political system (Schain,1987,Shields, 1991). So
To what extent was slavery the cause of the American Civil War?
To what extent was slavery the cause of the American Civil War? Slavery or issues related to slavery and its extension caused sectional conflict for decades preceding the Civil War, with the effect of galvanising the north against the south. Although there was a long history of sectional antagonism; compromise had been reached repeatedly from the Missouri Compromise, to the Nullification Controversy, and finally to the Compromise of 1850. Such compromise became harder to obtain during the 1850s, and in the end the sectional disputes of old were settled on the battlefield instead of being kept within political channels. Thus we must question, when searching for the cause of the civil war, what made these political channels ineffectual where previously they had sufficed. In order to do this we will evaluate the extent to which slavery caused the break up of the 'second party system'1 primarily as this turning point represents the first real break of the political process. We will also examine the causal role slavery played in the secession controversy as well as in the motivation for Lincoln's declaration of war. Without the use of such turning points in our evaluation, we would lose any dynamic view of the sequence of events precipitating the Civil War. Furthermore, slavery will be compared with dialectic materialism, political agitation and states rights in its importance in
Trapped between war and peace
Trapped between war and peace . Introduction of the Problem The conflict between Abkhaz and Georgians is an example of the ethnic conflict developed after the collapse of the USSR. The fall of the Soviet Union generated instability throughout the Caucasus and rapidly undermined established political structures and economic practices. Ongoing since 1992, it poses numerous challenges to the security in the Caucasus. The ability to advance as far as achieving consensus is concerned rests on the fact that both sides share different views about the bloody war of 1992-1993. They disagree when it comes to the perceptions of origins and causes of the war. Georgians objective is to allow Georgians, who were displaced from the territory of Abkhazia after Autumn 1993 and who have lived as refugees thereafter, return in full. On the other hand, Abkhaz claim that in order to start discussing the question of the refuges, the status of de facto Abkhaz state has to be addressed. In addition, Abkhaz fear that the return of Georgians will make the Abkhaz a minority and will put the issue of their political and legal status in jeopardy. Abkhaz goal is to achieve sovereignty, however, all what Georgians can offer is to create a federation and grant Abkhazia an autonomy, if the Abkhaz guarantee the safe return of the refugees to the region. 2. The Roots of the Conflict Bruno Coppieters in
