Outline and Evaluate One or More Explanations of Why People Obey
Outline and Evaluate One or More Explanations of Why People Obey There are three main reasons why people obey - Legitimate Authority, Graduated Commitment and Agentic Shift, these are the three reasons identified by Milgram. Legitimate Authority is when people feel compelled to obey people with a high social status (Legitimate social power), their role is usually defined by society, and we generally respect the person with power because of the responsibility or hardship required in their role. This can be found with Policemen, we are more likely to respond to them and obey their orders than a traffic warden. We may still obey the authority figure even if we are asked to do something immoral or unethical. This was found during Milgram's study, the teachers obeyed the researcher because of his legitimate social standing at the prestigious university, Yale. Milgram's study helps support my last statement that the location and the social standing of the authority figure will alter the outcome of a person's reaction. More experiments similar to Milgram's study have been carried out cross culturally. Respect for authority is different depending on the country. For example Australia has a tradition of questioning authority (40% went to 450V) unlike Germany which has a tradition of being very obedient (WWII Holocaust). However the results vary from person to person, this was found
Outline and evaluate the cognitive interview.
Outline and evaluate the cognitive interview. The cognitive interview (CI) has four main parts. The first part is to report everything. The interviewer encourages the reporting of every single detail of the event, even though it may seem irrelevant just in case it is a vital piece of evidence. In the second part of the CI, the interviewer encourages the interviewee to mentally recreate the environment and contacts from the original incident. This allows the witness to recreate the scene of the crime, which may jog their memory. In the third part of the CI, the interviewer may try alternative ways through the timeline of the incident, for example by reversing the order in which the event s occurred. This is an efficient way of getting them to remember details as it stops them thinking in one way (e.g. assuming that something follows something else because it usually does). The fourth part requires the interviewee to recall the incident from multiple perspective, for example by imagining how it would have appeared to other witnesses present at that time. Research has generally supported the effectiveness of the CI over the standard police interview (SI). Kohnken et al. carried out a meta- analysis of studies comparing the CI to the standard police interviews found that the CI produced a significant increase in the amount of accurate information recalled. Research with police
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. (12 marks)
7th September 2013 Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. (12 marks) The multi-store model of memory consists of three different stores: sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory. This model was created by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) and describes the process of memory in terms of information being passed through a system. Information from the environment is detected by sense organs and enters the sensory store. If this information is acknowledged or paid attention to, it enters the short-term memory. This information should stay in the short-term memory, if rehearsed for maintenance, for zero to eighteen seconds. If the rehearsal is elaborative, the information transfers to the long-term memory in which the capacity and duration is unlimited. However, if rehearsal does not occur in any moment of the stores, the information is either forgotten or lost from the short-term memory through decay or displacement. A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence, and as this is based on real people, it is more valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For instance, the case of H.M.: he underwent brain surgery in which his hippocampus was removed to cure severe epilepsy but this led to the incapability to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory so he was not able to create long-term memories. This
Atkinson & Shriffin in 1968 proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory. It contains 3 permanent structural components; sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
Introduction Atkinson & Shriffin in 1968 proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory. It contains 3 permanent structural components; sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). It attempt to explain how information flows from one storage system to another using the key process of rehearsal. Many studies have produced results which suggest STM & LTM code in different ways. In 1964 Conrad compared recall with acoustic and visual data. Participants (ppts) were presented with 6 letters at a time for 0.75 seconds. They were then asked to recall in the same order. Conrad found mistakes made with words that are acoustically similar suggesting STM must mainly code information according to how it sounds. LTM however encodes mainly semantically (by its meaning). Baddely in 1966 found that when he presented ppts with acoustically similar/dissimilar words and semantically similar/dissimilar words. With LTM fewer semantically similar words were recalled were as acoustically similar words had no affect in LTM recall. Suggesting that LTM mainly encode semantically. In 1950 Miller & Selfridge presented ppts with sentences of varying length which resembled true English to different degrees. Ppts were then asked to recall them in order they were presented. It was found that the closer a sentence approximated true English, the better it was recalled. This suggests that knowledge of
Briefly describe Atkinson & Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory.
Briefly describe Atkinson & Shiffrin's multi-store model of memory. This is a structural model which suggests that people have their memory stored in a sensory store or buffer, short-term and long-term memory. The sensory buffer results from some form of stimulation to the senses. If the information is attended to it will transfer to the Short-term memory (STM), alternatively if rehearsed it will go to the permanent Long-term memory (LTM). The sensory buffer is only capable of holding very small amounts of information or stimuli for up to 2 seconds; if nothing is done with it then it will be forgotten. If it is attended to or if attention is paid to it, it will then transfer to the short-term memory. The Short-term memory (STM) is temporary and lasts for about 20-30 seconds. When remembering numbers such as phone numbers the memory captivity is 7 numbers (+/-2). If the information is rehearsed then it is transferred to the long-term memory. If the information is not rehearsed it will decay and become forgotten. The information stored in the short-term memory is encoded using acoustic and articulatory methods. Acoustic methods are when people store the sound of the information in their mind. However homophones (words that sound alike e.g. "sat" and "mat", can confuse the mind. Similar sounding letters such as "M" and "N "can also confuse the mind. Articulatory methods are
Describe two factors that influence forgetting in short-term memory (STM).
Tom Lowe Psychology homework - 21/10/05 (a) Describe two factors that influence forgetting in short-term memory (STM). One of the factors that influence forgetting is because the information no longer exists in memory, and is therefore no longer available for recall. The second influencing factor of forgetting in short term memory is that the material cannot be found, and can therefore not be recalled, this is known as 'Cue Dependent forgetting'. (b) Describe the procedures and findings of one study that has investigated the capacity of memory. Jacobs (1887) aimed to investigate the capacity of memory. To do this he presented his participants with a random sequence of digits or letters, and he then asked the participants to repeat the items back in the order that they were read. Jacobs found that the average number of items that were correctly recalled was between five and nine, and he also found that digits were recalled better than letters. He also found that the number of correctly recalled items increased with age. (c) Outline the finding(s) of one study of flashbulb memories and give one criticism of this One study aiming to investigate 'Flashbulb memories' was Conway et al. (1994). Conway argued that the resignation of Mrs. Thatcher should have produced 'flashbulb memories'. Conway tested people within a fortnight of this event and tested
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory?
Memory: To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory? Memory could be explained in terms of three distinct stores, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) . The three distinct stores were the sensory memory, which holds information for a very brief segment, short-term memory (STM) characterised by limited capacity and reasonably short duration, and a long term memory (LTM). which had potentially unlimited capacity and duration. If a person's awareness is focused on material in the sensory memory then this would be transferred to STM. Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed that information was transferred from STM to LTM through the process of rehearsal in STM and the strength of long-term memory- the more the information is rehearsed, the better it is remembered. Research studies have tended to support the distinction proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin regarding differences between the stores with respect to capacity, encoding and duration. The existence of separate stores in memory is also supported by the use of modern brain-scanning techniques (such as MRI and PET). These have shown, for example, that the prefrontal cortex is active when individuals are working on a task in immediate(i.e. short-term) memory, whereas the hippocampus is active when LTM is engaged. The notion of a different physiological basis for short and long term memory
What is meant by the terms encoding, capacity and duration, in relation to short term memory
Tom Lowe Psychology Homework for 16/09/05 . What is meant by the terms encoding, capacity and duration, in relation to short term memory. Encoding - When we see any material, we immediately begin top encode it. To encode material to store into short term memory, we encode it acoustically, this means we repeat the information/material over and over again, this is known as rehearsal. Capacity - The capacity of something is how much it can hold. In terms of short term memory the capacity is limited, unlike long term memory. Psychologists generally say that the capacity of short term memory is about seven items, or between 5 and 9 items. Duration - The duration of short term memory is again very different when compared to long term memory. The duration of short term memory depends on if information is being rehearsed, if not the duration is generally a maximum of 18-20 seconds. 2. Describe the procedures and findings of one study that has investigated the capacity of short term memory. Joseph Jacobs (1887) aimed to investigate the capacity of short term memory. To do this he presented participants in the experiment with a sequence of random letters and digits, he then asked for the participants to recall the sequence showed to them in the correct order. Jacobs found that the average number of items from the sequence recalled
Multistore Model – Akinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Multistore Model - Akinson and Shiffrin (1968) Akinson and Shiffrin suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores, the Sensory Memory Store, the short-term memory and the long-term memory. Information is simply rehearsed in the STM and if rehearsed sufficiently is transferred to LTM. Information to be recalled from LTM passes back through STM producing the associated response. Recall/Retrieval Attention Output Rehearsal Evidence for Multi-store model: . Primacy-Recency Effect - Atkinson (1970). When presented with lists to remember we recall first and last items best. First items rehearsed into LTM and last items recalled from STM. Ones in middle less likely to be recalled. This is evidence for existence of several stores. 2. Brown -Peterson Technique suggests that if rehearsal of items is prevented then information does not enter LTM. 3. Amnesiacs caused by Korsakoffs Syndrome brought on by chronic alcoholism display sound STM functioning but impaired LTM. This suggests separate and distinct memory stores. 4. Shallice and Warrington (1970). Case study of K.F. who suffered brain damage because of motorbike accident. STM impaired but LTM intact. Evidence against Multi-store Model: . De Groot (1966) showed how expert chess players
Psychology Revision Notes.
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