Outline the theories Malthus and Boserup on impacts of population growth.
Outline the theories Malthus and Boserup on impacts of population growth Thomas Robert Malthus and Ester Boserup had individual theories on population growth. Malthus Thomas Malthus was born in 1766 near London and worked as a clergyman along with being a professor. He also had strict religious views. He wrote an essay on 'The Principle of Population'. This essay was based on a theory of population growth. Thomas Malthus based his theory on two principles * In the absence of any checks, human population has the potential to row at a geometric rate (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on). In other words, populations can double every 25 years * Even in the most favorable circumstances, agricultural production can only be expected to increase at an arithmetic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, and so on) These two principles together made Malthus notice that something had to be done to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. Malthus said that there were only two kinds of checks that limited population growth; Preventative Checks - these are to reduce birth rate. Positive Checks - these are to increase the death rate Malthus had several ways of doing this. Preventative checks, the ways of doing this were; Moral Restraint, the aim of this one was that if you had a smaller family then when wealth was distributed it would be in larger amounts for each family member
Explain why, for both physical and human reasons, some coastlines attract more management than others.
Explain why, for both physical and human reasons, some coastlines attract more management than others. Coastal management involves controlling development and change, and undertaking works in the coastal zone. Good management involves taking into account both physical and environmental considerations, as well as the views of local residents and others involved. There are two different types of coastal engineering, the 'hard' and 'soft' strategies. Hard engineering includes man made defences such as sea walls, a costly wall place on the seaward side away from the base of the cliffs needing an additional advanced line of protection such as rocks on their seaward side. Groynes, timber posts and boards which run out to the sea at right angles to trap sediment drifting along the coast. Gabions, cages enclosing shingle or small blocks of rocks, and revetments, defences that are aligned parallel to the shore including post, pillars or walls of rocks placed on the foreshore. Soft engineering includes planting trees and grasses in and around the beach, encouraging sand nourishment by adding more sand, and then most drastically, a managed retreat which involves moving homes and farmland. Physical influences such as the type of wave and fetch can determine the type of management used. For instance, if an area with a high, destructive wave count was not to receive a management scheme,
Geography Coursework - Introduction - Centre Of Leeds' CBD
[Year] Geography coursework The aim of my geography project is to find the economic centre of the CBD of Leeds (i.e. the area of highest value in the CBD of Leeds). First of all - what is a CBD? A CBD (central business district) is an area that dominates the commercial and cultural activity in a city. The CBD is normally found in the centre of a settlement where you can find a range of simple shops from cinemas, jewellers, department stores (e.g. Debenhams), offices, public buildings e.t.c, also this is the area of a town/city where businesses like to set up as it is the most accessible part of the settlement. In the beginning, Leeds began as a Saxon village. By the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it had a population of around 200. Then in 1207 the Lord of the Manor, Maurice De Gant, founded a new town in Leeds. At that time trade and commerce were increasing in England and many new towns were being founded The Lord of the Manor created a new street of houses west of the existing village. He divided the land into plots for building. The new street was probably called Bridge Gata (gata is an old word for street). And throughout time the Bridge Gate changed its name to Briggate. In the middle Ages fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year. People would come from all over Yorkshire to buy and sell at a Leeds fair. However many of the people in Leeds made
Cold environments may be developed in a sustainable manner. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Cold environments may be developed in a sustainable manner. To what extent do you agree with this statement? I disagree with this statement more than I agree with it. Cold environments in the world that were previously wilderness areas have undergone development, and nearly all of them have proved to be unsustainable. In the alpine areas, the mountains are a major magnet because of the scenery and the wide variety of winter sports that can take place there. The Alps have been developed as a tourist area. Although tourism benefits the area economically, it is socially and environmentally unsustainable. Tradition and culture has been eroded away because many young people now go down the mountains into urban areas in search of jobs. Even though the tourist industry has encouraged many young farmers to diversify out of rural and primary activities, many people still leave. Aside from that, the tourist industry brings with it unwanted pollution and litter and also causes footpath erosion. The tourist industry is also a potential hazard to the mountains and villages because the winter sports activities taking place there may cause avalanches. In the tundra or arctic regions, development has not been sustainable either, also both environmentally and socially. Gold, and particularly oil exploration and exploitation have scarred the fragile landscape. In 1968, the Trans-Alaskan
Examine the impacts of UK retirement migration to the Mediterranean on the source and host regions?
Examine the impacts of UK retirement migration to the Mediterranean on the source and host regions? The ageing population from the UK (the source) are migrating in considerable numbers to the Mediterranean (The host) an example of this is Spain, and this had both positive and negative impacts on the source and hosts. There are a number of positives for the source country. One positive is there is less of a burden on the countries services, examples of this being healthcare and housing, with the ageing population moving to the Mediterranean this requires less money to be spent upon an elderly population which invariably need more healthcare treatment and this helps to reduce economic costs. The movement abroad also reduces the dependency ratio in Britain as there are less dependent people for the economical active to support and this is a benefit to the source country which is Britain as it reduces the economic burden on the country. However the movement of the elderly population to the Mediterranean also has negative impacts on the source country. One example of this is the breakup of families as the older population moves away; with grandparents moving abroad this can cause family problems in Britain and can in some cases make families more dysfunctional. The movement of grandparents abroad also take away the possibility of free childcare and this is a negative impact as
Volcanic & Seismic events are pieces of evidence proving that the plate tectonics theory is valid
Volcanic & Seismic events are pieces of evidence proving that the plate tectonics theory is valid The plate tectonics theory was put forward by Alfred Wegener suggesting that the continents were at one point all conjoined in one supercontinent known as Pangaea. He then suggested that Pangaea had drifted apart through the movement of plates to give us the current position of continents we have today. Wegener's theory was linked to a variety of evidence, however it took further research and evidence for this to become a leading theory. This means that although volcanic and seismic events help to prove the plate tectonics theory valid, there is also a range of other factors involved. Vulcanicity is the surface presence of Magma within the Earth's crust. Whereas seismicity is where the build up of pressure in the crust is released. Both volcanic and seismic activty when plotted on a map can be seen to follow certain patterns and it is this distribution that helps explain the plate theory. The distributions of earthquake events are found in broad, uneven belts around plate margins and it is the movement of the plates that cause the seismic events. Most of these earthquakes occur along destructive margins, where the heavier oceanic crust descends underneath continental crust. A build up of pressure here, where no subduction takes place for a space of time, eventually leads to a
Natural disasters and a lack of resources are the main causes of global poverty. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Natural disasters and a lack of resources are the main causes of global poverty. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Poverty can defined in many ways, but one method globally accepted is the International Poverty Line. A country is said to be under the line if, on average, people earn less than US$1.08 per day, measured in terms of purchasing power parity. Although natural disasters are particularly competent at causing huge scale destruction, it is difficult to support the claim that they are the main cause of poverty as the USA, arguably the most developed country in the world, has had a troubled past in regards to major disasters. Similarly, although a lack of resources can be a strain on a developing country, there are more important explanations for poverty, such as colonialism, unfair trade, war, political instability and AIDS. The most significant cause of global poverty is colonialism, in particular that which occurred during the late 19th century. From 1450 European powers began invading and colonising countries, culminating in the 'scramble for Africa' in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, European powers controlled 85% of the world. The most well known Empire being the British Empire, covering nearly a quarter of the Earth's total land surface, including countries such as India, Malaysia and Uganda. Colonialism was so significant by stunting
The Environmental Impact of Tourism and Recreation is almost always harmful. Discuss
The Environmental Impact of Tourism and Recreation is almost always harmful. Discuss. ( June 2001) The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism's relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance. Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. There are three main impact areas. One of these is the depletion of natural resources, such as water. In dryer regions like the Mediterranean, the issue of water scarcity is of particular concern. Because of the hot climate and the tendency of tourists to
Case study of infectious disease - malaria and its effects on Kenya.
Case Study of Infectious disease: Malaria What is the disease, and where did it originate? Malaria is a tropical disease spread by night-biting mosquitoes. When a mosquito infected with malaria parasites (plasmodia) bites you, it injects the parasites into your body. (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malaria/Pages/Introduction.aspx) The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to coma or death. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) The specific data of where malaria originated from is unknown; but Malaria has been infecting humans for at least 500 million years, and may have existed as a pathogen in other species for even longer. For this reason it is impossible to know where the first cases of malaria appeared. While the earliest references to a malaria-like illness come from China that is by no means an indication that malaria originated in Asia. (http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/history_parasite.htm) How does the disease spread? Malaria is spread by female mosquitoes. The parasite which causes malaria is found in the female mosquito's saliva. When a person is bitten by a female mosquito, the parasite enters the
Understanding natural systems is the key to successful management of coasts. To what extent do you agree with this view?
Understanding natural systems is the key to successful management of coasts. To what extent do you agree with this view? To manage a coast successfully, the effects of erosion, flooding and unwanted deposition must all be minimized as much as possible. Furthermore the protection of people and their property also forms a good basis of good coastal management. It is true that to be able to set up good defences, the natural systems surrounding the coast must be understood, as this ultimately allows the management agencies to fully examine and decide the type of management that should be used. Coastal processes such as erosion and deposition are the main natural systems that affect our coast and thus must be monitored to ensure the best management strategy is in place. However the wave type and the amount of wave energy that is apparent at that stretch of coast ultimately decides the rate of erosion and deposition. The energy input of a wave is due to the wave height; the distance between the crest and the trough, the wave period; the time taken for a wave to travel through one wave length, and the wave steepness; the ratio of the wave height and wave length. Furthermore, the fetch of the wave will also influence the amount of energy that a wave has and therefore a wave with a high-energy value will potentially cause more damage than a wave with a low energy value. Spatial
