Mumbai (formerly Bombay); is widely known as the slum capital of the Asia. These slums have existed in Mumbai since the time of the forts. Dating back to the early 1900s, slums were predominantly found around the mills
'SLUMBAY' Mumbai (formerly Bombay); is widely known as the slum capital of the Asia. These slums have existed in Mumbai since the time of the forts. Dating back to the early 1900's, slums were predominantly found around the mills, nearing the Western part of the island, known as Byculla. They have never undergone infrastructure, planning or implementation of water facilities, sewage or drainage. Health and provisions to these areas have been ignored by the government officials and policy makers. Instead of deteriorating and fading, these slums have spread over a vast area, and have now become part of Mumbai's landscape. The problem of overcrowding brought about a rise in the growth of slums during the 18th century. The large scale industrialization and rapid increase in the number of mills attracted people from the country, especially from rural areas, into the city, which was ill prepared and did not have the resources to feed a mounding population. The birth of slums was a response to the increasing population. The poor capacity of housing facilities in the city is a major drawback. People are drawn to the city due to the major disputes between the urban and rural income rates. There are other reasons to the fast growing formation of slums in the city of Mumbai. As the population grew, it took over land that was used for traditional purposes. Those driven out of their
Assess the impact of out of town retailing areas in the regions in which they occur
Assess the impact of out of town retailing areas in the regions in which they occur Out of town has become a relatively new trend within the UK and research conducted has found that 48 per cent of everything we now buy in UK food stores is bought in out of town stores - premises that are more than 25,000 square feet in size. Out of town shopping centres sprang up with the increase of cars and personal mobility: in 1960 39.5% of UK households had no cars but by 2000 this had drastically fallen to 27.4%. The growth of better transport links such as rail, bus and tram opened up a new world to consumers and they were more able to travel away from the CBD e.g. to shopping centres on the outskirts of cities. Whereas shops selling convenience goods were traditionally based in residential and suburban areas and the local population would have easily been able to access them by foot by all those in the immediate city. The national shop vacancy rate has risen to 14.5 per cent with many smaller centres in the north of the country reporting vacancy rates above 30 per cent - Recent CBRE analysis has found that sales densities at retail parks are as good if not better than many shopping centres in the country and profitability is much higher than in comparable town centres. Out of town retailing is arguably a more convenient experience which guarantees a better profit for the retailer.
Examine how and why the Economy of China has changed in the last 30 years
Examine how and why the Economy of China has changed in the last 30 years Through Mao's reign, China became increasingly isolated from the rest of the world. Political policies such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution had a major, and in some people's opinion, negative influence on China's development. One of the main problems was the difficulty of managing a huge economy centrally. After death of Mao in 1976, Deng Xiaoping (the new leader) introduced the Open Door policy, which was designed to overcome China's isolation from the world economic powers. He recognised that central planning was ineffective as there were too many tiers of responsibility. Deng noticed that the world and neighbouring nations were developing quickly, and leaving China behind. China moved towards a socialist market economy. Today China's leaders are focused and determined on 'economic growth at all costs'. Between 1949 to the late 1970's, manufacturing in China was undertaken by mostly 'State-Owned Enterprise (SOE's). These were mainly heavy industries, for example, power (Shenzhen Energy), iron and steel. Once Deng took over in 1978, focus turned to productivity, which forced SOE's to reform. A key incentive towards independence in the market economy was enabling SOE's to keep some of their profits. Industry quickly replaced agriculture as the leading growth sector in 1980's as
Explain the increasing frequency of Hydro-meteorological Hazards.
B. Explain the increasing frequency of Hydro-meteorological Hazards. Hydro-Meteorological hazards result from atmospheric or hydrological processes; they are caused by the movement of water in some shape or form, and by weather patterns. Examples can include floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, blizzards and more. They are natural hazards, which mean they can rarely be predicted, and they also not be controlled or stopped by humans, this can result in more severe damage. By the year 2100, the global mean temperature is expected to have risen from 2.5F to 10.4F (1.4-5.8C) since 1900. This is mainly due to global warming, and the increasing pressure the human race is placing on our planet. One major consequence of this rise in temperature is a rise in erratic weather patterns, which appears to have already begun. There is no official data for the total death toll related to natural hazards from all over the world, only for those events, which are large enough, and reach the destruction scale of a 'disaster'. Total death tolls vary from year to year, there is an average of fewer that 100,000 deaths recorded, this is 30 times fewer than the total number of people who die from HIV or AIDS, and also 50 times less than the number of smoking-related deaths, however, it has to be taken into account that, this total figure is only taken from the Natural hazards, which
Suggest why some areas need re-branding
Suggest why some areas need re-branding (10) Plan: De-industrialisation because cheaper labour abroad - leads to becoming derelict +brownfield sites Economic and industrial decline because of decline in primary and secondary employment. Needed due to loss of function e.g. docks or mining. Cycle of poverty leading to deprivation, unemployment, poor housing and social problems. Re-branding is the referred to as Rebranding is the process of giving a product or an organization a new image, in order to make it more attractive or successful. Firstly, some areas may fell the need to rebrand as because more and more companies are globalizing and moving their labour abroad to take advantage of cheaper labour in places like East Asia and so on, more and more factories where these companies used to make their products are closing down for this reason and so leaving behind a so called “brownfield site”, which firstly looks ugly and eventually ruins the environment around as there is a possibility that chemicals and/or waste from the factories could make its way into the environment, contaminating nature around it. Which will lead local authories the need to rebrand and reimage the site. Second, Economic and Industrial decline will lead to more factories and industries going out of business and leaving factories or empty shops which will lead to high streets becoming derelict
The hazards presented by volcanic activity have the greatest impact on the poorest members of the worlds population. To what extent do you agree with this view?
The hazards presented by volcanic activity have the greatest impact on the poorest members of the world's population. To what extent do you agree with this view? Volcanic hazards include the primary effects of lava, lahars, and pyroclastic flows as well as the respiratory issues caused by inhalation of ash and gas. Larger, more ashy eruptions can cause worldwide effects, modern day eruptions halting and diverting commercial flights, but also causing temporary climate change and potential famines. Volcanic activity occurs in developed and undeveloped areas of the world, dictated by plate boundaries and weaknesses that produce hotspots, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire and Hawaii. Despite this, poorer populations such as those in Indonesia receive high frequencies of volcanic activity that may shrink their economies and make repair and development more difficult, potentially implementing a vicious cycle of social and economic problems caused by poor housing and transport preventing the population from working to repair its economy. The eruptions of Soufriere Hills beginning in 1995 affected Montserrat's rich and poor inhabitants. As the mostly uninhabitable island's capital town Plymouth was covered in ash, lahars, and pyroclastic flows, many people were evacuated and the majority of the island's homes were destroyed, displacing 7000 people. As a British territory, residents
To What Extent is the Pattern of Population Distribution in Countries of the LEDW more linked to Physical Conditions than to Economic Conditions?
To What Extent is the Pattern of Population Distribution in Countries of the LEDW more linked to Physical Conditions than to Economic Conditions? On one hand the pattern of population distribution in the LEDW is linked to physical, rather than economic conditions. These two conditions, however go hand in hand sometimes. For example in Nicaragua, recently there were huge hurricanes that swept across the countryside destroying thousands of homes and causing huge debts for the country. The people of Nicaragua had to relocate as their homes were no longer there, plus they didn't have enough money to rebuild their lives properly. However the situation in Nicaragua was a climatic condition not a physical one. I will now look at two countries in the LEDW that have both physical and economical factors that link to the pattern of population distribution. In countries such as Brazil the rainforest is a huge physical feature that takes up almost two thirds of the country. So millions of people locate in and around Cities such as Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. This causes the infamous shanty towns or Favelas to spring up all around the cities. The people who have relocated to the Favelas also moved there because they believed the city to be an area where there were many jobs and the pay was good. Unfortunately they were wrong, however this means they moved because of physical and
With reference to examples, discuss the overall effectiveness of urban regeneration schemes
With reference to examples, discuss the overall effectiveness of urban regeneration schemes Many inner cities have suffered from urban decline in the past 30 years due to many reasons. In response to this urban decline many local governments have introduced urban regeneration schemes. The effectiveness of these schemes depends on the location, the type of scheme and the way it helps the community. One city that has a substantial amount of urban decline is Liverpool. This is mainly due to the de-industrialisation of the area due to the decline of shipbuilding and general industry such as the sugar making company 'Tate and Lyle'. Between 1971 and 1983 manufacturing jobs were cut by one third meaning the unemployment rate was high in this area of the city. With the decline of manufacturing, the city had many abandoned docks, warehouses and industrial areas/material leading to general environmental degradation of the area. Liverpool is the only urban area in the UK which can claim to have been host to every major urban regeneration policy experiment introduced in the past 35 years. One particular scheme was The Eldonians which was an attempt at creating a sustainable community. The Eldonians is a community run redevelopment situated on the site of an old sugar refinery in the Vauxhall area of Liverpool. The Eldonian village is a housing cooperative built in 1983 as a
The extent to which volcanic processes represent hazards depends on where and when they occur.
'The extent to which volcanic processes represent hazards depends on where and when they occur'. Discuss this statement. A hazard can best be defined as a 'situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or the environment.' The overall impact of volcanoes as a natural hazard varies greatly from one place and timeframe to another. Vulcanicity is normally associated with plate tectonic processes and is mainly located along plate margins. Different plate margins known as constructive and destructive on volcanic eruptions and landforms have different effect. Volcanic activity that occurs at a destructive plate margins such as in Mount Merapi & Mount St. Helens eruption potentially could be an explosive volcanoes which are hazardous but both location have different vulnerability impact to the populace. Volcanic processes can be found along oceanic ridges where the plates are moving apart known as constructive plate margins. Volcanic eruption that occurs on a constructive plate margins usually little violence, but the volcanic gases easily escape. Volcanic Hawaiian Islands that are not connected with any plate boundary is an active volcano, but it's not as hazardous due to the plume of magma only rises to eat into the plate above. Volcanic processes also can be found on or near subduction zones associated with destructive plate margins. The line of volcanoes,
Rebranding in the london docklands: case study
London Docklands Evidence of Rebranding Jumping straight to the point, rebranding has 1occurred and is currently taking place in various 'hot spot' locations to try to give the area a new modern feel. The chairman of the London Docklands Development Corporation, Sir Michael Pickard, said himself that, '16 years ago, the Isle of Dogs was an isolated, tightly knit community seemingly in the grip of irreversible decline. Today, massive investment from both the public and private sectors has transformed the area. There are new schools, health centers and homes, park and playgrounds, new road and rail links, and nearly 1.4 million square meters of commercial and industrial development, over 80% of which rented. The new residents and businesses have brought a fresh lifeblood to the Island.' So it is obvious that rebranding has taken place, but to what extent and where has it happened. The first information study I am going to look at is a place check form, here it will become more apparent which areas have undergone rebranding to a higher extent than others. So looking at fig.1.1, is an area called Felstead Wharf is reported to have high quality modern housing, with adjacent car parks provided. From the information in the photo and also the report, one can deduce that this area, once holding low quality housing for the working class population of the Docklands, has now been
