Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. Describe the application of psychodynamic perspectives in health and social care.
Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. (P1) Operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification which can be used to either decrease or increase the likelihoods of a certain aspect of a behavior will occur. The process relies on the idea that organisms (a person) respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved. This approach first came to notice B.F Skinner (s famous psychologist) were of his work was carried out in the 20th centaury. His work was mainly with the use of rats and pigeons to us e them to discover new ways of leering style and behaviors. Skinner was created a very famous box which is still used today some science experiment call the Skinner box. This bow was designed with a lever which when pressed by a rate inside it would produce a food pellet to the rat when pressed accidentally. After a while the rate will begin to realize that when it presses the lever a food pellet will be released so there for will repeated this action for to receive food. The pellet of food in this situation is a product of reinforcing as the rat will like more of the food an can get it when he wants by pressing the lever which in turn increases the possibility of this
An investigation in to the effects of time on memory.
An investigation in to the effects of time on memory Author: Kevin Walker Location: Castle College Sheffield Date: October 2003 Index Ref. Page .0 Abstract 3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction * Aims * Experimental Hypothesis * Null Hypothesis 4 6 6 6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Method * Design * Participants * Apparatus/Materials * Standard Procedures * Controls & Ethics * Pilot Study 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 4.0 4.1 4.2 Results * Raw Data * Graphical Representations 1 1 2 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Discussion * Explanation of Findings * Relationship to Background * Research Limitations and Modifications * Implications and Suggestions 3 4 4 4 5 6.0 Conclusions 6 7.0 Appendices * Mann-Whitney Statistical Test * Instructions * Questions * Data Analysis * Book & Study References 8 9 20 21 22 23 .0 Abstract Peterson & Peterson's studies show that traces of memory disappeared over a period of time from short-term memory. Baddeley & Hitch and Atkinson & Shiffrin produced models of memory that state rehearsal is necessary to encode short-term memories in to longer-term memories. However, Craik & Lockhart argued that cognitive processes encode information to long-term memory and stated that 'If the information has more meaning then it should be more memorable'. My study sets out to test the prediction that a time
Primacy and Recency effect
Abstract The aim of this investigation was to investigate Glanzer and Cunitz theory of the Primacy and Recency effect that the first few words and the last few words in a list of will tend to be remembered and recalled more than the words positioned in the middle of the list. Glanzer and Cunitz found from their experiment that the first few words were recalled because of, the middle words were not recalled well because they had been displaced by the incoming words and the last few words were recalled well because they were still present in the short term memory. A controlled experiment was used with a repeated measure design and the sampling method that was used to carry out the experiment was opportunity sampling, which included 20 participants who were all students at St. Mary's College, Blackburn. The participants ranged between the age group of 16-18 year old students. Participants were asked to carry out a free recall task which included a word list with 30 words and they were given the word list to look at for a minute and then asked immediately to recall as many words as they could remember in any order. The results found showed that the Primacy and Recency effect had occurred as this was shown in the mean recall rate calculated. The Primacy meaning the first ? of the words from the word list (1-10) had a mean recall rate of 7.9. The second ? of the words from the
PERCEPTIONS ON COUNSELLING
PERCEPTIONS ON COUNSELLING "People who have had counselling will be less influenced by external factors than those who haven't" RESEARCH PROJECT CONTENTS Page CONTENTS....................................................................................1 RATIONALE....................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................2 . Identify and describe a range of research methods METHODOLOGY.............................................................................3 Primary data.......................................................................................... 4 Secondary data................................................................................4 Qualitative research..........................................................................5 Quantitative research........................................................................6 Questionnaires :...............................................................................6 Sampling :...................................................................................... 7 Interviews: ...................................................................................7-8 Observations :
An experiment to investigate whether chunking leads to better recall.
An experiment to investigate whether chunking leads to better recall. ? Introduction Background research This research is all based on cognitive psychology. The cognitive area of psychology focuses primarily with thinking and mental processes. There are two key assumptions in the cognitive approach. Firstly the Information processing assumption: this assumption comes from the belief that information flows from an external stimuli and results in a response. The second key assumption is the computer analogy assumption. This assumption has obvious links with the previous one. We learn from experience, but also have innate knowledge (hardwired). This research is all on the topic of or relates to the human memory and forgetting. There are already many theories about how memory works. One of the favored theories on how memory functions, is the levels of processing approach. This approach was put forward by Craik and Lockhart in 1972. They argued that it is useful to think about memory as a byproduct of information processing. They believe whether someone remembers something depends on how it is processed. Most of the events in our day to day lives are so trivial that nothing is thought of them, so they are quickly forgotten. Big events or experiences are often remembered better because of the amount of consideration we put
the affect interference has on the recall of words
The affect interference has on the recall of words Abstract The experiment is based on the Brown - Peterson Task but adjusted slightly to investigate interference as apposed to decay as they investigated. The aim of the experiment is to investigate whether or not interference has an affect on the recall of words. The research method is an experiment with an unrelated design. The method of sampling to gain the participants to take part was opportunity sampling. The mean number of words recalled in group 1 (no interference) was 13.7 and group 2 (with interference) was 9.1. this supports the theory of interference and that it results in less information being recalled. Therefore the experimental hypothesis - Participants who experience interference will recall fewer words than the participants who do not experience interference - can be accepted and the null hypothesis can be rejected. Because the hypothesis predicts which direction the results will go it is a one tailed hypothesis. To conclude interference does affect recall of information and results in fewer things being recalled Introduction Interference is described as our memory traces being interrupted by other information. Baddeley (1999) believed memory loss was due to interference. He thought that if a person were prevented from rehearsing information it would result in a loss of that information. Atkinson and
Carry out an experiment on participants to investigate proactive interference on memory recall, using McGeoch's 1942 study as the basic format of the experiment. McGeoch's research showed that proactive interference
TITLE An experiment to investigate proactive memory recall in two conditions, the second being a repeat of half the words in the first condition with new words to remember. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number: Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Aim 4 Null & Alternative Hypotheses 4 Method 5 Results 8 Discussion 10 Conclusion & References 11 Appendix 12 - Brief 12 2- Debrief 12 3- Stimuli sheet for condition 1 13 4- Stimuli sheet for condition 2 13 5- Participant consent form 14 6- Data Table 15 7- Raw Data 16 ABSTRACT The background theory based on research by McGeoch in 1942 which supported proactive interference, the experiment involved two conditions with independent measures, one group had a rest period, one had to learn word list A. then both conditions were given list B to learn, and asked to recall list B. the results showed better accuracy and more correctly recalled words in the first condition, the controlled group. And in the second condition, the experimental group, proactive interference occurred as list A, caused them to forget and make mistakes in list B. The aim of this study is to carry out an experiment to investigate proactive interference on memory recall. The alternative hypothesis is that proactive interference will have a negative effect on memory recall of the word lists, and the null
To What Extent Is motivated Forgetting Produced By Failure Feedback?
To What Extent Is motivated Forgetting Produced By Failure Feedback? INTRODUCTION Background Research Freud believes that you never lose anything from memory. The information is stored on an unconscious level. He says that we protect ourselves from memories that cause us distress or anxiety, by repressing them in our unconscious so we don't consciously experience the feelings. However it is not believed to be very psychologically healthy and if prolonged, could cause mental disorder. There is some evidence that could prove that Freud's theory is correct. Parkin (1993) found people who are suffering from post - traumatic stress disorder, repression of traumatic events does often occur in them. However, even though this does seem to fit in with Freud's theory and motivated forgetting did occur, it had a more positive effect on the individual because they had adjusted much better to their traumatic experiences compared to those who kept recalling the details of their traumatic events. Similarly, Kaminer and Lavie (1991) found that the survivors of the Holocaust were often judged to be better adjusted when they didn't recall the traumatic events they had experienced compared to those who did recall them. They did not recall them in order to protect themselves from the trauma. In some other cases, Herman and Schatzow (1987) found 28% females who were victims of incest said
The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall
Running head: HUMOR AND INCONGRUENCE ON MEMORY The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Emily Ngo University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Using in a two-way within-subjects design, the effects of humor and incongruence have on memory was investigated. Participants saw a slideshow with either humorous or nonhumorous sentences that was paired with either matching or nonmatching pictures. The number of italicized words correctly recalled was used to measure memory. Due to limitations within my experiment, there was no significant main effect of the type of sentences, no main effect of the type of image and no significant interaction found at the significant level p<.05. With certain modifications, future research can replicate this experiment and probably find significant data that will enhance the understanding of how these stimuli affect memory processes. Such information will be beneficial for real-world applications. The Effects of Humor and Incongruence on Word Recall Memory is important in almost every aspect of life. Many studies have tried to identify and understand the ways in which different types of stimuli affect memory processes. Results from Schmidt (1994) showed that humorous sentences were consistently recalled higher than nonhumorous sentences. Participants were asked to rate the humor intensity of sentences. Schmidt manipulated
The effect of primacy and recency on recall
Contents Section Page beginning Abstract 2 Introduction. Includes: * Formulation of aims * Directional hypothesis * Null hypothesis. 3 Method. Includes: * Independent and dependent variables * Possible confounding variables * Ethical considerations * Participants * Equipment * Procedure 6 Results. Includes: * Inferential statistics 0 Discussion. Includes: * Explanation of results * Relation to previous studies * Limitations and modifications * Implications of the study and suggestions for future research 2 Appendix 1. Includes: * Standardised instructions 4 Appendix 2. Includes: * Raw data 5 Appendix 3. Includes: * Debrief 7 Appendix 4. Includes: * One set of 16 adverts. 8 References 9 Abstract The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect serial position had upon recall of magazine advertisements and to discover if primacy and recency both played a part in recall of adverts i.e. were the short term memory store (STM) and the long term memory store (LTM) both utilised when recalling magazine advertisements. The experimental/ alternative hypothesis was that products from adverts at the beginning (positions 1-4) and end of the block (positions 13-16) would be correctly recalled significantly more than adverts in the middle of the block (positions 5-12). The null hypothesis for this experiment stated that the serial
