Memory: Rote Rehearsal and Mental Imagery.
Memory: Rote Rehearsal and Mental Imagery Abstract Memory has been the focus of psychology research since the beginning of psychology. Investigators have focused on the structure of memory and factors that aid or inhibit the ability to store and retrieve information. Bower's research (1972) found that that mental imagery of unrelated word pairs affected its retrieval The aim of my investigation was to replicate Bower's reserah (procedure). My alternative hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the number of words retrieved by participants who had used mental imagery to learn the word pairs than to participants who had been given rote rehearsal as the form of memorisation. Ten male and ten female participants were tested. The participants were 16-18 year old students at small heath sixth form in Birmingham. The sample I used was the opportunistic sample whereby I obtained those participants who were available to me at that time. I will be testing a representative sample of 20 students. The study will be carried out in a field setting. All participants were given 20 word pairs, the participants were asked to memorise and recall some (pre-selected) words by imagery and the others by rote rehearsal. The results showed that more words were recalled from the group who had used mental imagery. The words that were correctly remembered with the associated
Describe and Evaluate Research by E.Loftus into Eye Witness Testimony, the implications of the findings and the Cognitive Interview.
Describe and Evaluate Research by E.Loftus into Eye Witness Testimony, the implications of the findings and the Cognitive Interview. One area of importance into memory research is Eyewitness Testimony which can have important applications to everyday life. Understanding our memory of events that occurred when a crime or incident has happened, details of who and what happened surrounding the crime or event relies on eyewitnesses and their recollection of the crime' or incident. A legal term) Eyewitness Testimony is crucial as it plays an important role in evidence used in criminal investigations and trials. However research into eyewitness testimony has shown that Eyewitness Testimony is not always accurate. One of the leading researchers in the field of Eye Witness Testimony (EWT) is Elizabeth Loftus who along with her colleagues carried out extensive research in EWT. In 1974 Loftus & Palmer conducted an experiment to investigate the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car accident, particularly to see how information provided to a witness by way of leading questions after the accident would influence their recollection of the accident. In the first experiment carried out under laboratory conditions, 45 participants divided into 5 groups were shown 7 clips of events leading up to a car accident, after each clip they were asked to answer some questions but the crucial
Investigate the effects of Imagery on Memory recall: Visual Aid & Memory Recall
Investigate the effects of Imagery on Memory recall: Visual Aid & Memory Recall STEPHAN AMARANATH Candidate No. 4204 Centre No. 13156 Table of Contents . Abstract 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Aims & Hypotheses 5 4. Method 6-7 5. Results 8-10 6. Discussion 11-12 7. References & Bibliography 13 8. Appendix 14 Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate in a natural setting whether images aid memory recall as did Bower in 1972. There are two conditions; condition 1 involving a grid of random words supported by images and condition 2 consisting only of random words. 20 participants were used for this research study, 10 were males and 10 were females aged from 16-25 gained through opportunity sampling. There were two groups/conditions of 10 (5 males, 5 females). The independent variables were materials for each condition (random words with images and words without images). The dependent was the recall from each participant. The results measured using central tendency and measures of dispersion, moderately showed participants were able to recall more words in condition 1 (words with images) than of condition 2 (words without images). Example: Mean for Condition 1 = 14.1 Mean for Condition 2 = 12.6 The inferential statistics, which enable us to draw clear conclusions about the likelihood of the hypothesis being true, is evidence for accepting the null hypothesis.
To retain recall, which is more beneficial, rote rehearsal or imagery?
To retain recall which IS MORE beneficial rote rehearsal Or IMAGERY L. WADE 2.02.02 TRURO COLLEGE TUTOR; DR C.A. DE BRULLER. CONTENTS Pg No. ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 - 4 METHOD DESIGN 5 PARTICIPANTS 5 MATERIALS 5 - 6 TASK & RESEARCH 7 RESULTS BAR CHART- GRAPH 9 SUMMARY OF RESULTS & 9 VERBAL RESULTS 9 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 10 -11 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 STANDARDIZED INSTRUCTIONS 12 APPENDIX 2 LIST OF 20 NOUN SYLLABUS WORDS 13 APPENDIX 3 PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE SHEET (ROTE) 14 APPENDIX 4 PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE SHEET (IMAGERY) 15 APPENDIX 5 SUMMARY OF STATISTICS & CALCULATIONS 16-19 APPENDIX 6 WRITTEN EXAMPLE FROM PARTICIPANT (ROTE) 20 APPENDIX 7 WRITTEN EXAMPLE FROM PARTICIPANT (IMAGERY) 21 REFERENCES: 22 ABSRACT This investigation is similar to Bowers (1972) study where he investigated the two conditions of Rote rehearsal and Imagery. An independent groups design was selected to represent in my experiment because there was a restriction in the amount of time available. An opportunity sampling which consisted of a single blind technique was used. Thirty members within the residential area of Helston were chosen to take part in this procedure. This incorporated them taking part within a memory maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
'Organisation in Memory'.
Project Brief PB 1; Statement of hypotheses The aim of this piece of research is to investigate if and how organisation of words affects the memory, i.e. the recall of the words. My experimental hypothesis is: 'The organisation of a group of words will increase the recall' My null hypothesis is: 'Organisation of words will not affect the recall.' PB 2; Explanation of direction of hypotheses This research investigation is being based on the work of many psychologists, such as Bower et al. for example. They found that organisation did increase recall. This is what I am expecting with my results so therefore my experimental hypothesis is directional PB 3; Identification of research method/design To test my hypotheses I am going to use an experimental design. PB 4; Evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen research method The main strength of this is that all confounding variables are more easily controlled, such as noise for example. Also, this design can determine a casual link, and also the investigation can be easily replicated. Another strength is that the results will be quantitative, so will be in statistical form. However, as well as strengths there are also weaknesses involved in using this design. First, the conditions that will be undertaken by the participants will not be true to everyday life, therefore the results will not give
Memory and Mental Imagery
Lucy Harvey 12CD Memory and Mental Imagery Abstract Memory has been the focus of psychology research for several decades. Investigators have focused on the structure of memory and factors that aid or inhibit the ability to store and retrieve information. Bower (1972) demonstrated that mental imagery of unrelated word pairs affected its retrieval The aim of this investigation was to replicate Bower's findings. The alternative hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the number of words retrieved by participants who had used mental imagery to learn the word pairs to participants who had been given no reference to mental imagery. Ten male and ten female participants where tested. The participants were adult from a city in the North West of England. All participants were given 20 word pairs, half the participants were asked to learn the pairs using mental imagery of the two words interacting with one another and the control group were given no reference to mental imagery. The results demonstrated that more words were recalled from the group who had used mental imagery. The median score from the mental imagery group was 16 compared to a score of 10 from the control group. It was concluded that mental imagery aids memory and this supported Bower's experiment. Introduction Short-term memory concerns information being encoded and held for several seconds
The study that is to be investigated is derived from the cognitive area of psychology. A major area of this approach that relates to this study is memory, which more specifically looks at "investigating the serial position effect in memory."
Introduction The study that is to be investigated is derived from the cognitive area of psychology. A major area of this approach that relates to this study is memory, which more specifically looks at "investigating the serial position effect in memory." In the past, a number of relevant studies to the 'serial position effect in memory' have been conducted. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968, 1971) introduced what was arguably the most influential model of memory, the two-process model. (A diagram illustrating Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi store model) They suggested that incoming information is instantaneously transferred to sensory memory, which can uphold information for up to one second (Sperling, 1960) before being lost. If this information is attended to it is coded in short-term memory (STM). Similarly, information rehearsed adequately in STM is coded in long-term memory (LTM). This theory is widely accepted and shows the existence of STM and LTM. Therefore, it also provides reason for the serial position curve (SPC) as the two peaks in the curve (refer to diagram below) highlight the effect of STM and LTM; whereas information not attended to or rehearsed enough is lost. This explains the unique shape of the SPC. (A graph showing the Serial Position Curve) LTM is thought to have unlimited capacity. STM has a limit and Miller (1956) proposed that its capacity is
Investigating the serial position effect in memory
Introduction The study that is to be investigated is derived from the cognitive area of psychology. A major area of this approach that relates to this study is memory, which more specifically looks at "investigating the serial position effect in memory." In the past, a number of relevant studies to the 'serial position effect in memory' have been conducted. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968, 1971) introduced what was arguably the most influential model of memory, the two-process model. (A diagram illustrating Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi store model) They suggested that incoming information is instantaneously transferred to sensory memory, which can uphold information for up to one second (Sperling, 1960) before being lost. If this information is attended to it is coded in short-term memory (STM). Similarly, information rehearsed adequately in STM is coded in long-term memory (LTM). This theory is widely accepted and shows the existence of STM and LTM. Therefore, it also provides reason for the serial position curve (SPC) as the two peaks in the curve (refer to diagram below) highlight the effect of STM and LTM; whereas information not attended to or rehearsed enough is lost. This explains the unique shape of the SPC. (A graph showing the Serial Position Curve) LTM is thought to have unlimited capacity. STM has a limit and Miller (1956) proposed that its capacity is
A study investigating the effects of categorisation on recall
A study investigating the effects of categorisation on recall . Introduction Background research The cognitive approach to psychology studies the processes the mind uses to deal with information and looks at areas such as language, learning, perception and memory. Cognitive psychologists commonly use models to explain information flow. These models are abstract ways of representing how the mind deals with information rather than defining separate areas of the brain for each aspect of memory. The information processing model uses the analogy of a computer system - information is received and processed in various ways by the mind before being passed into memory. Within the study of memory, there are three main processes: Encoding > Storage > Retrieval Encoding is the process of perceiving and understanding input. Storage is the way in which we commit information to memory. Retrieval is the process used to access information that is not currently in conscious memory. William James, an early psychologist, identified two types of memory - "primary memory" and "secondary memory", which are now called "short term memory" and "long term memory". Atkinson and Shiffrin's "multi-store model of memory" This theory states that there are three distinct memory stores - sensory, short term and long term. The amount of attention paid and "rehearsal" of information affects
perception COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY REVISION CATEGORIES
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - REVISION CATEGORIES Higher level work is indicated in italics Perception: * Structure and function of the eye. * Sensation v Perception. * Types and examples of Illusions. * Gregory's Theory of Perception and explanations of Illusions. * Monocular and binocular cues of distance perception. * Examples of distortions of perceived size/movement. (moon illusion) * Size constancy and explanations of distortions of perceived size/movement. * Social factors influencing perception (emotion, motivation etc) and studies conducted. * Discussion of factors affecting perception as they relate to everyday life. HOW DO HUMANS SEE THINGS? In many ways, the human eye is like a camera, both have a lens and focus light onto a light sensitive source and both can alter the amount of light that enters it. However the eye is far more complicated and active than we perhaps sometimes give it credit for! How many times have you seen a home-movie when the cameraman starts to run or jump? The picture shakes and makes the viewer feel sick! However our eyes are constantly moving due to the movement of our head yet we do not experience this same feeling. The difference lies in the fact that a camera passively collects data, whereas the eye as part of the nervous system interacts with the light and tries to make sense of the information it collects. Sensation: the
